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1917 In Sports

1917 in sports

See also: 1916 in sports, other events of 1917, 1918 in sports and the list of 'years in sports'.

Football (Australian Rules)

- Victorian Football League - Collingwood wins the 21st VFL Premiership (Collingwood 9.20 (74) d Fitzroy 5.9 (39))

Ice hockey

- Seattle Metropolitans win their 1st Stanley Cup, defeating the Montreal Canadiens 3 games to 1.
- November 26 - The National Hockey League is formed in a meeting of representatives of the National Hockey Association.
- December 19 - The first National Hockey League game is played, beginning the league's inaugural season.

Events

Births

- March 22 - Ewald Cebula, Polish football player (d. 2004)
- September 20 - Obdulio Varela, Uruguayan football player (d. 1996)

Deaths

Category:1917
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1916 in sports

See also: 1915 in sports, other events of 1916, 1917 in sports and the list of 'years in sports'.

Football (Australian Rules)

- Victorian Football League - Fitzroy wins the 20th VFL Premiership (12.13 (85) d Carlton 8.8 (56))

Baseball

The Winnipeg Maroons win the Northern League Championship.

Ice Hockey

- Montreal Canadiens defeat the Portland Rosebuds 3 games to 2 to win their 1st Stanley Cup.

Events

Births

Deaths

- April 21 - Georges Boillot, Grand Prix motor racing driver
- August 23 - John Robinson, British field hockey player (b. 1885) Category:1916
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1917

1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January-February

Julian calendar
- January 2 - The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank.
- January 22 - World War I: President Woodrow Wilson calls for "peace without victory" in Europe.
- January 25 - The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million
- January 25 - Anti-prostitution drive in San Francisco attracts huge crowds to public meetings. At one meeting attended by 7000 people, 20000 are kept out for lack of room. In a conference with Rev. Paul Smith, an outspoken foe of prostitution, 300 prostitutes make a plea for toleration explaining they had been forced into the practice by poverty. When Smith asked if they would take other work at $8 to $10 a week, the ladies laughed derisively, which lost them public sympathy. The police close about 200 houses of prostitution shortly thereafter [http://www.zpub.com/sf50/sf/hbtbc12.htm]
- January 26 - The sea defences at the village of Hallsands, Devon are breached, leading to all but one of the houses becoming uninhabitable
- January 28 - The United States ends search for Pancho Villa
- January 30 - Pershing's troops in Mexico begin to withdraw to USA. They reach Columbus, New Mexico February 5
- January 31 - World War I: Germany announces its U-boats will engage in unrestricted submarine warfare.
- February 3 - World War I: The United States breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany
- February 5 - The constitution of Mexico is adopted.
- February 13 - Mata Hari is arrested for spying
- February 23 - The Russian Revolution begins with the overthrow of the Tsar.
- February 24 - World War I: United States ambassador to the United Kingdom Walter H. Page is given the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give the American Southwest back to Mexico if Mexico will declare war on the United States.

March-April

- March 1 - U.S. government releases the plaintext of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public
- March 1 - Japanese city Omuta, Fukuoka is founded
- March 2 - The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.
- March 4 - Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives.
- March 8 - The United States Senate adopts the cloture rule in order to limit filibusters.
- March 11 - Mexican Revolution - Venustiano Carranza elected president of Mexico - USA gives recognition of his government de jure
- March 15 - Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicates.
- March 21 - The Danish West Indies become the Virgin Islands when Denmark transfers control over the islands to the United States after the purchase of the islands on January 25.
- March 26 - World War I: First Battle of Gaza - British cavalry troops retreat after 17,000 Turks block their advance.
- March 31 - The United States takes possession of the Virgin Islands after paying $25 million to Denmark.
- April 2 - World War I: US President Woodrow Wilson asks U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.
- April 6 - World War I: United States declares war on Germany. [http://wikisource.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_declares_war_on_Germany text]
- April 9-12 - World War I: Canadian troops win the Battle of Vimy Ridge.
- April 10 - Ammunition factory explodes in Chester, Pennsylvania - 133 dead
- April 11 - World War I: Brazil severs relations with Germany
- April 16 - Lenin arrives in Petrograd
- April 16 - The Nivelle Offensive commences.

May-October

- May 9 - The Nivelle Offensive was abandoned.
- May 13 - Three peasant children claim to see the Virgin Mary above a holm oak tree in Cova da Iria near Fatima, Portugal.
- May 18 - World War I: The Selective Service Act passes the U.S. Congress giving the President the power of conscription.
- May 27 - Over 30.000 French troops refuse to go to the trenches in Missy-aux-Bois
- June 1 - French infantry regiment seizes Missy-aux-Bois and declares anti-war military government. French army soon apprehend them
- June 5 - World War I: Conscription begins in the United States as "Army registration day."
- June 13 - World War I: First major German bombing raid on London left 162 dead and 432 injured
- June 15 - The United States enacts the Espionage Act.
- July 6 - Arabian troops led by T.E. Lawrence capture Aqaba from the Turks.
- July 7 - Aleksandr Kerensky forms the Provisional Government in Russia after the deposing of the tsar.
- July 12 - Phelps Dodge Corporation deports over 1000 suspected IWW members from Bisbee, Arizona
- July 17 - King George V of the United Kingdom issues a Proclamation stating that the male line descendants of the British royal family will bear the surname Windsor.
- July 20 - Corfu Declaration that enabled post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia was signed by the Yugoslav Committee and Kingdom of Serbia
- July 25 - Sir Thomas Whyte introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
- August 29 - World War I: The Military Service Act is passed in the Canadian House of Commons giving the Canadian government the right to conscript men into the army.
- October 15 - World War I: At Vincennes outside of Paris, Dutch dancer Mata Hari is executed by firing squad for spying for Germany.
- October 19 - Love Field in Dallas, Texas is opened.
- October 26 - World War I: Brazil declared in state of war with Germany.

November

- November - Don Republic declares independence from Soviet Russia
- November 2 - Zionism: The Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for Jewish settlement in Palestine.
- November 6 - World War I: Third Battle of Ypres ends: After three months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Ypres in Belgium.
- November 7 - October Revolution begins: The workers of St.Peterburg in Russia, with leaders the Bolsheviks and the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin attacked against the ineffective Kerensky Provisional Government (Russia was still using the Julian Calendar at the time, so period references show a October 25 date. The Soviets of Workers, Farmers and Soldiers took for the first time in history the economy and the administration of a country.
- November 7 - World War I: Third Battle of Gaza ends - United Kingdom forces capture Gaza from the Ottoman Empire.
- November 15 - Finland takes a step towards full sovereignty recognizing the personal union with Russia finished after the Tsar being dethroned.
- November 16 - British troops occupy Tel Aviv and Jaffa in Palestine.
- November 16 - Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France
- November 20 - World War I: Battle of Cambrai begins - British forces make early progress in an attack on German positions but are soon beaten back.
- November 20 - Ukraine is declared a republic.
- November 22 - In Montreal, Canada, the National Hockey Association breaks up (on November 26 it was replaced with the National Hockey League).
- November 26 - The National Hockey League is formed.
- November 29 - Striking coal miners at Rostov declare Don Soviet Republic - it lasts two weeks.

December

- December 3 - After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on August 29 1907 and September 11 1916).
- December 6 - Finland's declaration of independence.
- December 6 - Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in the harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1963 people, injures 9000 and destroys part of the city. Until Hiroshima, this was the biggest manmade explosion.
- December 11 - British troops take Jerusalem from the troops of the Ottoman Empire
- December 25 - Why Marry?, first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre in New York City.
- December 26 - United States president Woodrow Wilson uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to take control of nearly all American railroads under the United States Railroad Administration so they can be more efficiently used to transport troops and materials for the war effort.

Unknown dates

- Lions Clubs International is formed.
- First commercially issued recordings of jazz music, by Original Dixieland Jazz Band.
- Tolkien starts writing the original Book of Lost Tales (the first version of the Silmarillion), thus Middle-earth is first written this year (After the war, Tolkien tries to publish the stories, but he is neglected, as writers call his work a "fairy tale"; unsuitable for adult readership).
- Conscription crisis in Canada.
- Female suffrage in the Netherlands

Ongoing events

- World War I (1914-1918)
- Armenian Genocide (1915-1918)
- Encephalitis lethargica (1917-1928)

Births

January-March

- January 2 - Vera Zorina, German dancer and actress (d. 2003)
- January 3 - Roger W. Straus, Jr., American publisher (d. 2004)
- January 10 - Jerry Wexler, American record producer
- January 19 - John Raitt, American actor and singer (d. 2005)
- January 24 - Ernest Borgnine, American actor
- January 25 - Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003)
- February 4 - Yahya Khan, President of Pakistan (d. 1980)
- February 6 - Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress
- February 11 - Sidney Sheldon, American author
- February 14 - Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- February 19 - Carson McCullers, American author (d. 1967)
- February 25 - Anthony Burgess, English author (d. 1993)
- February 27 - John Connally, Governor of Texas (d. 1993)
- February 28 - Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)
- March 1 - Harry Caray, baseball broadcaster (d. 1998)
- March 1 - Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977)
- March 2 - Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born actor, bandleader, and musician (d. 1986)
- March 19 - Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950)
- March 20 - Dame Vera Lynn, English actress and singer
- March 24 - John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997)
- March 26 - Rufus Thomas, American singer (d. 2001)
- March 27 - Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002)

April-October

- April 5 - Robert Bloch, American writer (d. 1994)
- April 10 - Robert B. Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
- April 12 - Helen Forrest, American jazz singer (d. 1999)
- April 17 - Bill Clements, Governor of Texas
- April 25 - Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer (d. 1996)
- May 14 - Lou Harrison, American composer (d. 2003)
- May 20 - Bergur Sigurbjörnsson, Icelandic politician (d. 2005)
- May 21 - Raymond Burr, Canadian actor (d. 1993)
- May 22 - Georg Tintner, Austrian conductor (d. 1999)
- May 28 - Papa John Creech, fiddler (d. 1994)
- May 29 - John F. Kennedy, President of the United States (d. 1963)
- June 1 - William S. Knowles, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 15 - John Fenn, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 15 - Lash La Rue, American cowboy actor (d. 1996)
- June 17 - Dean Martin, American actor (d. 1996)
- June 17 - Atle Selberg, Norwegian mathematician
- July 4 - Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)
- July 7 - Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)
- July 19 - William Scranton, American politician
- August 15 - Jack Lynch, President of Ireland (d. 1999)
- August 18 - Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defence
- August 22 - John Lee Hooker, American blues musician (d. 2001)
- August 28 - Jack Kirby, American comic book artist (d. 1994)
- August 29 - Isabel Sanford, American actress (d. 2004)
- September 7 - John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 10 - Miguel Serrano, Chilean fascist ideologist
- September 11 - Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (d. 1989)
- September 13 - Robert Ward, American composer (d. 1994)
- September 25 - Johnny Sain, baseball pitcher
- October 2 - Christian de Duve, English-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- October 8 - Danny Murtaugh, baseball player and manager (d. 1976)
- October 8 - Rodney Robert Porter, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)
- October 15 - Jan Miner, American actress (d. 2004)
- October 21 - Dizzy Gillespie, American musician (d. 1993)
- October 30 - Maurice Trintignant, French race car driver (d. 2005)
- October 31 - Thomas Hill, Canadian actor

November-December

- November 11 - Madeleine Damerment, French World War II heroine (d. 1944)
- November 19 - Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984)
- November 22 - Andrew Huxley, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- December 6 - Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (d. 1977)
- December 9 - James Rainwater, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- December 10 - Sultan Yahya Petra, King of Malaysia (d. 1979)
- December 20 - David Bohm, American-born physicist, philosopher, and neuropsychologist (d. 1992)
- December 21 - Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
- December 22 - Gene Rayburn, American television personality (d. 1999)
- December 27 - Onni Palaste, Finnish writer
- December 30 - Seymour Melman, American industrial engineer (d. 2004)

Unknown dates

- Ben Bubar, American Presidential candidate (d. 1995)

Deaths

- January 2 - Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832)
- January 10 - William F. Cody (Buffalo Bill), American frontiersman (b. 1846)
- January 16 - George Dewey, U.S. admiral (b. 1837)
- February 10 - John William Waterhouse, Italian-born artist (b. 1849)
- March 8 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German inventor (b. 1838)
- March 17 - Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (b. 1838)
- March 31 - Emil Adolf von Behring, German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)
- April 1 - Scott Joplin, American musician and composer (b. 1868)
- April 14 - L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto (b. 1859)
- May 17 - Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke, ruler of Sarawak (b. 1829)
- May 20 - Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (b. 1850)
- June 30 - Antonio de La Gandara, French painter (b. 1861)
- July 27 - Emil Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1841)
- August 13 - Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860)
- August 20 - Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835)
- August 30 - Alan Leo, British astrologer (b. 1860)
- September 27 - Edgar Degas, French painter (b. 1834)
- October 13 - Florence La Badie, Canadian actress (b. 1888)
- October 15 - Mata Hari, Dutch dancer and spy (executed) (b. 1876)
- October 23 - Eugène Grasset, Swiss artist (b. 1845)
- October 28 - Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1831)
- November 8 - Colin Blythe, English cricketer (b. 1879)
- November 11 - Queen Liliuokalani of Hawai'i (b. 1838)
- November 17 - Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840)
- December 8 - Mendele Moykher Sforim, Russian Yiddish and Hebrew writer (b. 1836)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Charles Glover Barkla
- Chemistry - not awarded
- Medicine - not awarded
- Literature - Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
- Peace - International Committee of the Red Cross Category:1917 ko:1917년 ms:1917 ja:1917年 simple:1917 th:พ.ศ. 2460

1918 in sports

See also: 1917 in sports, other events of 1918, 1919 in sports and the list of 'years in sports'.

Football (Australian Rules)

- Victorian Football League - South Melbourne wins the 22nd VFL Premiership (South Melbourne 9.8 (62) d Collingwood 7.15 (57))

Ice hockey

- January 2 - The Montreal Wanderers' arena burns down leading to the team's disbandment.
- March 30 - The Toronto Arenas defeat the Vancouver Millionaires to win the Stanley Cup. It is the first time the trophy is awarded by the newly formed National Hockey League.

Events

- The Boston Red Sox, aided by the pitching of Babe Ruth, beat the Chicago Cubs 4 games to 2 to win baseball's World Series. Two years later Ruth would be sold to the New York Yankees and the Sox didn't win another World Series until 2004.

Births

Deaths

- March 13 - Reggie Pridmore, British field hockey and cricket player (b. 1886) Category:1918
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List of 'years in sports'

This page indexes the individual year in sports pages. Each year is annotated with a significant event as a reference point. __NOTOC__ 2000s - 1990s - 1980s - 1970s - 1960s - 1950s - 1940s - 1930s - 1920s - 1910s - 1900s - 1890s - 1880s - 1870s - 1860s - 1850s - Pre 1850s

2000s

- 2008 in sports -
- 2007 in sports -
- 2006 in sports -
- 2005 in sports - NHL cancels season due to labor dispute
- 2004 in sports - Lance Armstrong wins a record 6th Tour de France, Brian Lara scores a test innings record 400 not out against England.
- 2003 in sports - Michael Schumacher wins record sixth Formula One Championship
- 2002 in sports - Canada wins double gold in ice hockey at the Olympics
- 2001 in sports - Tiger Woods becomes first golfer to hold all four major titles simultaneously
- 2000 in sports - Essendon completes the AFL season with a 24-1 win-loss record, the best in the history of the league

1990s

- 1999 in sports - Death of Joe DiMaggio; Lance Armstrong comes back from testicular cancer to win his first Tour de France
- 1998 in sports - NHL players compete in Winter Olympic Games for the first time
- 1997 in sports - Mike Tyson banned from boxing after biting a piece of Evander Holyfield's ear
- 1996 in sports - Professional cyclists compete at Summer Olympic Games for the first time
- 1995 in sports - Miguel Induráin wins fifth consecutive Tour de France; Bosman ruling
- 1994 in sports - World Series cancelled after player strike; Roland Ratzenberger dies during qualifying for the San Marino Grand Prix at the Villeneuve corner and Ayrton Senna dies at the Tamburello corner during the race.
- 1993 in sports - Monica Seles is stabbed during a tennis tournament
- 1992 in sports - Toronto Blue Jays become the first non-American team to win the World Series
- 1991 in sports - Magic Johnson retires from basketball
- 1990 in sports - James "Buster" Douglas defeats Mike Tyson to become World Heavyweight Champion

1980s

- 1989 in sports - Pete Rose banned from baseball; Hillsborough disaster
- 1988 in sports - Ben Johnson breaks 100 metres record but tests positive for banned substances
- 1987 in sports - First Rugby Union World Cup
- 1986 in sports - Mike Tyson becomes the youngest world heavyweight boxing champion
- 1985 in sports - Pete Rose breaks Ty Cobb's major league record for career hits; Libby Riddles is the first woman to win the Iditarod; Bradford City and Heysel Stadium disasters
- 1984 in sports - First Breeders' Cup in thoroughbred racing and North America Cup of harness racing
- 1983 in sports - First World Athletics Championships
- 1982 in sports - Mary Decker sets six world records in Track and field
- 1981 in sports - First million dollar horse race; Major League Baseball season interrupted by player strike, causing cancellation of over 600 games
- 1980 in sports - "Miracle on Ice" as US ice hockey team beats Soviet Union

1970s

- 1979 in sports - Sugar Ray Leonard wins his first world boxing title
- 1978 in sports - First Ironman Triathlon
- 1977 in sports - Shirley Muldowney is the first woman to win the NHRA "Top Fuel" championship
- 1976 in sports - Nadia Comaneci earns the first perfect score in the history of Olympic gymnastics
- 1975 in sports - First Cricket World Cup
- 1974 in sports - The Rumble in the Jungle boxing match
- 1973 in sports - Secretariat wins the Triple Crown of United States Thoroughbred Racing
- 1972 in sports - The 1972 Summit Series between the USSR and Canada
- 1971 in sports - Richard Petty wins the Daytona 500 and the NASCAR Championship; Ibrox disaster
- 1970 in sports - Nijinsky II wins the Triple Crown of British Thoroughbred Racing

1960s

- 1969 in sports - The New York Jets upset the heavily favored Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III; the first Super Bowl victory by an American Football League team.
- 1968 in sports - Jean-Claude Killy wins the Triple Crown of Alpine Skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics
- 1967 in sports - First Super Bowl
- 1966 in sports - England wins its first and only FIFA Football World Cup
- 1965 in sports - Bret Hanover wins the Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers
- 1964 in sports - Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, wins the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship
- 1963 in sports - Craig Breedlove breaks through the 400 mph barrier in setting a new Land speed record
- 1962 in sports - Rod Laver wins the men's Grand Slam in tennis
- 1961 in sports - The World Figure Skating Championships canceled after the entire United States team dies in a plane crash
- 1960 in sports - First Paralympics

1950s

- 1959 in sports - First Daytona 500
- 1958 in sports - The lights go out permanently in Brooklyn as baseball's Dodgers move to Los Angeles; Munich air disaster devastates Man United
- 1957 in sports - Juan Manuel Fangio wins his fifth Formula One championship title
- 1956 in sports - Don Larsen pitches the first and only post-season no-hitter in Major League Baseball history (a perfect game, no less); first European Cup in football
- 1955 in sports - Calvin Rice wins the NHRA's inaugural "Top Fuel" championship; Dramatic crash at 24 Hours of Le Mans - 86 spectators killed
- 1954 in sports - Roger Bannister runs the first sub-four minute mile
- 1953 in sports - Maureen Connolly is the first woman to win the Grand Slam in tennis
- 1952 in sports - Dick Button performs the first triple jump in figure skating in the Winter Olympic Games
- 1951 in sports - The first Pan American Games are held in Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 1950 in sports - First Formula One championship

1940s

- 1949 in sports - NHL goaltender Bill Durnan sets shutout record of 309:21 minutes
- 1948 in sports - Fanny Blankers-Koen wins four gold medals at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London
- 1947 in sports - Jackie Robinson breaks baseball's color barrier; first College World Series
- 1946 in sports - NBA founded (originally known as Basketball Association of America)
- 1945 in sports - Maurice Richard is the first NHL player to score 50 goals in one season
- 1944 in sports - Oxford beat Cambridge in an unofficial Boat Race on the Great Ouse
- 1943 in sports -
- 1942 in sports -
- 1941 in sports - Ted Williams is the last batter in Major League Baseball to hit over .400
- 1940 in sports -

1930s

- 1939 in sports - First NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship; the Baseball Hall of Fame opens; Lou Gehrig retires from baseball
- 1938 in sports - Don Budge becomes the first person to win the Grand Slam in tennis
- 1937 in sports - Joe Louis becomes world heavyweight champion
- 1936 in sports - To the consternation of Adolf Hitler, Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at the Olympic Games in Berlin
- 1935 in sports - Babe Ruth retires from Major League Baseball; first Heisman Trophy awarded
- 1934 in sports - The Masters in golf first held
- 1933 in sports - England cricket team's Bodyline tour; first NFL championship game played
- 1932 in sports - India become the sixth Test cricketing nation.
- 1931 in sports - France are thrown out of the Rugby Union Five Nations Championship for professionalism.
- 1930 in sports - First Football World Cup

1920s

- 1929 in sports - Wally Hammond scores 905 runs at an average of 113.12 as England defeat Australia in The Ashes
- 1928 in sports - Women's Olympic athletics and gymnastics are held for the first time at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
- 1927 in sports - First Ryder Cup of golf
- 1926 in sports - Jack Dempsey loses his world heavyweight boxing title to Gene Tunney; Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English channel
- 1925 in sports - French Open in tennis opened to non-French players for the first time
- 1924 in sports - First Winter Olympic Games
- 1923 in sports - First 24 hours of Le Mans race; Ty Cobb breaks Honus Wagner's major league record for career hits
- 1922 in sports - First sub-one minute 100m freestyle swim
- 1921 in sports - The schooner Bluenose begins her undefeated career in racing, winning the International Fishermen's Trophy
- 1920 in sports - National Football League formed; Babe Ruth sold to New York Yankees; the Grand Prix de Paris horse race changes its name to the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe

1910s

- 1919 in sports - Black Sox scandal in baseball
- 1918 in sports -
- 1917 in sports -
- 1916 in sports - First PGA Championship
- 1915 in sports -
- 1914 in sports - Babe Ruth makes his major league debut; Honus Wagner breaks Cap Anson's major league record for career hits
- 1913 in sports - Emily Davison throws herself in front of King George V's horse at the Epsom Derby horse race
- 1912 in sports - Electronic timers introduced for the first time at the Stockholm Olympic Games
- 1911 in sports - First Indianapolis 500
- 1910 in sports - The rugby union Home Championship admits France, creating the Five Nations (now Six Nations)

1900s

- 1909 in sports - Imperial Cricket Conference formed to administrate world cricket
- 1908 in sports - First women compete in the modern Olympic Games
- 1907 in sports - Norman Brookes becomes the first overseas men's singles tennis Wimbledon champion
- 1906 in sports - First Grand Prix motor racing; National Collegiate Athletic Association formed
- 1905 in sports - New Zealand's first All Blacks Rugby Union tour of Britain (The Originals), winning 31 matches and losing one to a controversial refereeing decision.
- 1904 in sports - Louis Rigolly breaks through the 100 mph barrier in setting a new Land speed record
- 1903 in sports - First Tour de France; first modern World Series
- 1902 in sports - First Rose Bowl, American college football game - Michigan defeated Stanford 49-0
- 1901 in sports - The American League arrives as a rival to baseball's National League
- 1900 in sports - For the first time, women are allowed to compete in the Olympic Games

1890s

- 1899 in sports -
- 1898 in sports -
- 1897 in sports - Victorian Football League is formed
- 1896 in sports - First modern Olympic Games
- 1895 in sports - First US Open of golf; game of volleyball invented
- 1894 in sports - First auto race
- 1893 in sports - Stanley Cup first awarded in ice hockey
- 1892 in sports - First official game of basketball
- 1891 in sports - First French Open of tennis
- 1890 in sports - First World Figure Skating Championships

1880s

- 1889 in sports - Handsome Dan, a bulldog, becomes Yale University's mascot, the first animal to hold such a position in American sports
- 1888 in sports - The Football League founded
- 1887 in sports -
- 1886 in sports - Workers at Royal Woolwich form Dial Square football team, later known as Arsenal F.C.
- 1885 in sports -
- 1884 in sports - First baseball World Series occurs between National League and American Association
- 1883 in sports - First luge competition; first Home Championship in rugby union (predecessor to the modern Six Nations)
- 1882 in sports - First time Australia beat England in Test cricket in England, beginning The Ashes legend.
- 1881 in sports -
- 1880 in sports -

1870s

- 1879 in sports -
- 1878 in sports -
- 1877 in sports - First cricket Test match; first Wimbledon Championships
- 1876 in sports - First season of Major League Baseball, with the debut of the National League
- 1875 in sports - First running of the Kentucky Derby and the Kentucky Oaks horse race
- 1874 in sports -
- 1873 in sports - First running of the Preakness Stakes horse race
- 1872 in sports - First football FA Cup final
- 1871 in sports - The National Association, baseball's first professional league, debuts
- 1870 in sports -first tv sporting event

1860s

- 1869 in sports - The original Cincinnati Red Stockings, baseball's first openly all-professional team, was founded.
- 1868 in sports -
- 1867 in sports - Marquess of Queensberry boxing rules published; First running of the Belmont Stakes horse race
- 1866 in sports - The Amateur Athletic Club introduce the definition of an 'amateur' into sport and hosting the first United Kingdom national championships.
- 1865 in sports -
- 1864 in sports - Overarm bowling becomes legal in cricket
- 1863 in sports - The Football Association formed to oversee football.
- 1862 in sports - First ski jumping competition
- 1861 in sports - First running of the Melbourne Cup horse race
- 1860 in sports - First Open Championship of golf

1850s

- 1859 in sports - The Queen's Plate horse race is organized
- 1858 in sports - Australian Rules Football codified
- 1857 in sports -
- 1856 in sports -
- 1855 in sports -
- 1854 in sports -
- 1853 in sports -
- 1852 in sports -
- 1851 in sports - Birth of the America's Cup
- 1850 in sports -

Pre 1850s

- 1840s in sports - First codification of rules of baseball by Alexander Cartwright
- 1830s in sports - First Aintree Grand National
- 1820s in sports - First Oxford and Cambridge boat race
- 1810s in sports - English champion Tom Cribb narrowly defeats ex-slave Tom Molineaux at boxing; First One Thousand Guineas Stakes
- 1800s in sports - First Two Thousand Guineas Stakes
- 1790s in sports -
- 1780s in sports - First Epsom Derby
- 1770s in sports - First St. Leger Stakes, Epsom Oaks
- 1760s in sports -
- 1750s in sports - First codification of the laws of Golf
- Early 18th century in sports - First codification of the Laws of Cricket
- 17th century in sports -
- Pre 17th century in sports - The Ancient Olympic Games; development of football Category:Timelines Category:Sports by year ja:年度別スポーツ記事一覧

Australian rules football

:Australian Rules and Aussie Rules redirect here. For the movie, see Australian Rules (film). Australian Rules (film) Australian football, which is also known as Australian rules football, or less formally as "Aussie rules" or "footy" is a code of football which originated in Melbourne, Australia. The game is played between two teams of 18 players (plus interchange players), on cricket ovals or similar-sized arenas which vary in size and may be up to 185 metres (200 yards) long; these are much larger than those used by other codes of football. The game is also distinguished from other games by the fast, relatively free movement of the ball (partly due to the absence of an offside rule) and the awarding of a free kick for any clean catch — known as a mark — of a ball which has been kicked more than 15 metres. Spectacular high marks, or "speccies", are regarded as one of the game's main attributes as a spectator sport. Australian football is a contact sport usually played with no padding. Although it is a winter sport, pre-season competitions usually begin in late February (that is, in the Australian summer); the football season proper is from March to August, with finals being held in September.

Popularity

winter sport, (Brisbane Lions, seen here in maroon and blue jumpers), is attempting to take a mark. A Collingwood (black and white jumpers) opponent trying to stop him.]] Australian football is the most highly attended spectator sport in Australia: government figures show that more than 2.5 million people (16.8% of the population) attended games in 1999 [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/e298cee24565c911ca256def007248ff?OpenDocument]. It also attracts more overall interest than any other winter sport.[http://www.sweeneyresearch.com.au/PDF/Interest.pdf] & [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/22/1053196670542.html] In 2005, 6,761,952 people attended Australian Football League (AFL) matches, a record for the competition. The 2005 AFL Grand Final was watched by a television audience of more than 3.3 million people across five of Australia's most highly populated cities, including 1.2 million in Melbourne and 991,000 in Sydney.[http://www.oztam.com.au/documents/2005/E_20050918.pdf] By comparison, the National Rugby League Grand Final was watched by 2.5 million, including 1.1 million in Sydney and 506,000 in Melbourne;[http://www.oztam.com.au/documents/2005/E_20051002.pdf] 2.4 million watched the soccer match in which the Australian team qualified for the 2006 World Cup, including 924,000 in Sydney and 797,000 in Melbourne.[http://www.oztam.com.au/documents/2005/E_20051113.pdf] Australian rules is the most popular sport in the Northern Territory (NT), South Australia (SA), Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia (WA). In New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland overall, rugby league is the predominant winter sport. In the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) rugby union is arguably more popular. However, in both the ACT and south-western NSW, Australian football has rivalled the two varieties of rugby in popularity over many decades. In addition, ongoing net migration from Victoria, SA and Tasmania to Queensland and NSW, the winning of AFL premierships by teams in those states and the consequent growth of amateur football, means that the demographics of Australian football are changing. In recent years Australian Football has seen large increases through out Brisbane. It is commonly accepted that these increases are linked to the recent success of the Brisbane Lions, who won three premierships in a row (2001-2003). In 2005, the Sydney Swans won their first premiership since relocating to Sydney in 1982, and the team's first since 1933. With more than 400,000 participants, Australian football is also one of the most-played team sports in Australia. [http://www.ausport.gov.au/scorsresearch/table8ERASS2003.pdf] South Australia is said to have the highest participation rate of people taking part in Australian football, with over 2.2% of the population aged 18 years and over participating in the sport [http://www.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2000/ascpub/pdf/australian%20rules%20football%202.pdf]. Australian football is also now played as an amateur sport in more than 20 countries around the world. It is popular in two countries which are former Australian territories: Papua New Guinea and Nauru. Cricket is the most common summer spectator sport in Australia, and is usually played on the same grounds as Australian football. In the past, many elite-level footballers played representative cricket, but the increasingly professional nature of the game made this impossible by the 1980s.

Structure and competitions

The most powerful organisation and competition within the game is the elite, professional Australian Football League (AFL). There are also seven state (and/or territory)-based organisations: AFL NSW/ACT, Football Tasmania, the Northern Territory Football League, the South Australian National Football League (SANFL), the Queensland Australian Football League, the Victorian Football League (VFL), and the Western Australian Football League (WAFL). Most of these hold annual semi-professional club competitions, while the others oversee more than one league. Local semi-professional or amateur organisations and competitions are also affiliated to these state leagues. Unlike most soccer competitions, there is usually no separate "league" and "cup" trophies. In the AFL, The McClelland Trophy is awarded to the team that finishes the league in first position (sometimes called the minor premiership), but this is not afforded a high level of prestige as the major objective is the Premiership. The teams that occupy the highest positions (usually four in most amateur leagues, but eight in the AFL) play off in a "semi-knockout" finals series (in the AFL, the top four sides get a second chance if they lose their first final), with the two successful teams meeting in the Grand Final to contest the premiership. The winner is awarded the premiership cup.

Rules of the game

Grand Final brand is used for all official AFL matches, whilst Burley brand is also used for Australian football.]] Both the ball and the field of play are oval in shape. No more than 18 players of each team are permitted to be on the field at any time. Up to four interchange (reserve) players may be swapped for those on the field at any time during the game. There is no offside rule nor are there set positions in the rules - unlike Soccer players from both teams disperse across the whole field before the start of play. The ball can be propelled in any direction by way of a foot, clenched fist (called a handball or handpass) or open hand tap, but it cannot be thrown under any circumstances. (Throwing is defined in the rules quite broadly.) A player may run with the ball but it must be bounced or touched on the ground at least every 15 metres. Opposition players may bump or tackle the player to obtain the ball, and when tackled, the player must dispose of the ball cleanly or risk being penalised for holding the ball. If a player takes possession of the ball that has travelled more than 15 metres from another player's kick (often called a punt or drop punt) by way of a catch, it is claimed as a mark and that player may then have a free kick (meaning that that the game stops while he prepares to kick from the point at which he marked). Apart from free kicks, or when the ball is in the possession of umpires for a ball up or throw in, the ball is always in dispute and any player from either side can take possession of the ball.

Scoring

At each end of the field are four vertical posts. The middle two are the goal posts, and the two on either side, which are shorter, are the behind posts. A goal is scored when it is propelled through the goal posts at any height (including above the height of the posts) by way of a kick from the attacking team. It may fly through on the full or bounce through, as long as it is not touched by any player from either team. A goal cannot be scored from the foot of an opposition (defending) player. A behind is scored when the ball goes across the line between a goal post and a behind post, or if the ball hits a goal post or is touched (a rushed behind) before passing between the the goalposts. A goal is worth 6 points, whereas a behind is worth one. The team that scores the most points at the end of play wins the game. Thus a score of 10 goals and 10 behinds equals 70 points. A score of 9 goals and 18 behinds equals 72 points. The latter score would win the game despite the fact that that team scored one goal less. The result would usually be written as Team A 9.18 (72) def Team B 10.10 (70).

History

Origins of the game

Tom Wills began to devise Australian rules in Melbourne, in 1858. (H.C.A. Harrison, Wills's cousin, was also named much later as an official "father of the game", but his role does not now seem to have been significant at this very early stage.) A letter by Wills was published in Bell's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle on July 10, 1858,[http://www.mcg.org.au/default.asp?pg=footballdisplay&articleid=37] calling for a "foot-ball club" with a "code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during winter. An experimental match, played by Wills and others at the Richmond Paddock (later known as Yarra Park, next to the MCG) on July 31, 1858, was probably the first game of Australian football. However, few details of the match have survived. On August 7, 1858, two significant events in the development of the game occurred: the Melbourne Football Club was founded, one of the world's first football clubs in any code, and a famous match between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College began, umpired by Wills. A second day of play took place on August 21, and a third and final day on September 4. The two schools have competed annually ever since. However, the rules used by the two teams in 1858 could not have had much in common with the eventual form of Australian football, since Wills had not yet begun to write them.. Scotch College. A pavilion at the MCG is on the left in the background. (A wood engraving made by Robert Bruce on July 27, 1866.)]] The Melbourne Football Club rules of 1859 are the oldest surviving set of laws for Australian football. They were drawn up at the Parade Hotel, East Melbourne on May 17, by Wills, W. J. Hammersley, J. B. Thompson and Thomas Smith (some sources include H. C. A. Harrison). The 1859 rules did not include some elements which soon became important to the game, such as the requirement to bounce the ball while running, and Melbourne's game was not immediately adopted by neighbouring clubs. Before each match, the rules had to be agreed by the two teams involved. By 1866, however, several other clubs had agreed to play by an updated version of Melbourne's rules. It is often said that the founders were partly inspired by the ball games of the local Aboriginal people in western Victoria. Aborigines did play a sport called Marn Grook, which used a ball made out of possum hide, and included play resembling the high marking ("speccie") in Australian football. There is considerable debate over the connection between the two. Wills did have a deep knowledge of Aboriginal culture, and Harrison had grown up in an area near present day Moyston, Victoria where he may have seen Marn Grook. Wills had been educated at Rugby School in England and had also, like W. J. Hammersley and J. B. Thompson, been to the University of Cambridge. The Cambridge Rules, drawn up in 1843, included some elements which are important in Australian football, such as the mark. Thomas Smith was Irish and had attended Trinity College, Dublin, where the Rugby School rules were popular at a very early stage. These men would have been familiar with other public school and university "football" games. They may also have been inspired by traditional games, played among the thousands of immigrants who poured into Victoria from the UK, Ireland and many other countries during the gold rushes of the 1850s.

Similarities to Gaelic football

While it is clear even to casual observers that Australian rules football is similar to Gaelic football, the exact relationship is unclear, as the Irish game was not codified by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) until 1887. The historian B. W. O'Dwyer points out that Australian football has always been differentiated from rugby football by having no limitation on ball or player movement (in the absence of an offside rule), the need to bounce the ball (or toe-kick it, known as a solo in Gaelic football) while running, punching the ball (hand-passing) rather than throwing it, and other traditions. As O'Dwyer says: :These are all elements of Irish football. There were several variations of Irish football in existence, normally without the benefit of rulebooks, but the central tradition in Ireland was in the direction of the relatively new game [i.e. rugby]...adapted and shaped within the perimeters of the ancient Irish game of hurling... [These rules] later became embedded in Gaelic football. Their presence in Victorian football may be accounted for in terms of a formative influence being exerted by men familiar with and no doubt playing the Irish game. It is not that they were introduced into the game from that motive [i.e. emulating Irish games]; it was rather a case of particular needs being met... [B. W. O'Dwyer, March 1989, "The Shaping of Victorian Rules Football", Victorian Historical Journal, v.60, no.1.] After 1887, the two games developed in isolation from each other. A number of players, most notably Jim Stynes have successfully made the transition from Gaelic football to Australian rules.

International rules football

Since 1967, there have been many matches between Australian and Irish teams, under various sets of hybrid, compromise rules. In 1984, the first official representative matches of International Rules football were played, and these are now played annually each October. In 1999, a record Australian International Rules crowd of 65,000 at the MCG attended a game that saw Ireland defeat Australia but Australia win the series. In 2002, a record Irish International Rules crowd of 71,532 at Croke Park, Dublin witnessed a draw which also saw Australia win the series. The rules are a compromise between the two codes, using the round ball and the rectangular field of Gaelic football. The fierce tackling of the Australian code is allowed, although this has often caused controversy with the Irish players, who play a mostly non-contact game.

History of clubs and competitions

The modern day Australian Football League (AFL) has many teams dating back to the beginnings of the game: apart from the Melbourne Football Club, other early clubs still in existence include: Geelong (1860), Carlton (1864), North Melbourne (aka Hotham, now Kangaroos) (1869), Port Adelaide (1870), Essendon and St Kilda (1873), South Melbourne (now Sydney Swans) (1874) and Footscray (now the Western Bulldogs) (1877).

The first league

In 1877, the Victorian Football Association (VFA), the game's first league, was formed by 14 clubs: Albert Park, Ballarat, Barwon, Beechworth, Carlton, Castlemaine, East Melbourne, Essendon, Geelong, Hotham (later North Melbourne), Inglewood, Melbourne, Rochester and St Kilda. Six of these clubs were from the Victorian country. At the time, Essendon was regarded as a semi-junior club rather than a full member, and was allowed concessions such as fielding teams of 25 players, instead of the standard 20.

Leagues in other states

Gradually the game — known at first as "Melbourne Rules", "Victorian Rules or sometimes as "Australasian Rules" — spread from Victoria into other Australian colonies, especially South Australia (SA), Tasmania and Western Australia (WA). The first intercolonial match, between Victoria and SA, was held in 1879. Competitions also began in Queensland and New South Wales in the 1880s. In Newcastle, New South Wales the Black Diamond league was founded by Victorian goldminers and the Black Diamond Challenge Cup remains Australia's oldest sporting trophy. The precursors of the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) and the Western Australian Football League (WAFL) were strong, separate competitions by the 1890s.

Formation of the VFL

A rift in the VFA led to the formation of the Victorian Football League (VFL), which commenced play in 1897 as an eight-team breakaway of the stronger clubs in the VFA competition: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Fitzroy, Geelong, Melbourne, St Kilda and South Melbourne. Another five VFA clubs joined the VFL later: Richmond and University joined the VFL in 1908, although University withdrew in 1915. Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne joined in 1925, by which time VFL had become the most prominent league in the game.

Interstate competition

For most of the 20th century, the absence of a national club competition — and the inability of players to compete internationally — meant that matches between state representative teams were regarded with great importance. Because VFL clubs increasingly recruited the best players in other states, Victoria dominated these games. However, State of Origin rules were introduced in 1977, and in the first such game, at Subiaco Oval in Perth, Western Australia defeated Victoria, 23.13 (151) to 8.9 (57), a huge reversal of the results in most previous games. Western Australia and South Australia began to win many of their games against Victoria. However, during the 1990s, following the emergence of the Australian Football League, state of origin games declined in importance especially after an increasing number of withdrawals by AFL players, who were under increasing pressure from clubs concerned by the risk of injuries. Australian football State of Origin matches ceased in 1999. The second-tier state and territorial leagues still contest interstate matches.

A national league

In 1982, in a move which heralded big changes within the sport, one of the original VFL clubs, South Melbourne Football Club, relocated to the Rugby League stronghold of Sydney and became known as the Sydney Swans. In the late 1980s, strong interstate interest in the VFL led to a more national competition; two more non-Victorian clubs, the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Bears began playing in 1987. The league changed its name to the Australian Football League (AFL) following the 1989 season. In 1991, it gained its first South Australian team, Adelaide. West Coast's local derby rival Fremantle was admitted in 1995. Fitzroy merged with Brisbane after 1996 due to financial difficulties to form the Brisbane Lions and the proud old SANFL club, Port Adelaide joined in 1997, immediately becoming fierce local rivals to Adelaide. The AFL, currently with 16 member clubs, is the sport's elite competition.

Today's state leagues

For much of the 20th century the SANFL and the WAFL were considered peers of the VFL. Although the VFL was generally accepted as the strongest league, clubs from all three leagues frequently played each other on an even footing in challenge matches and occasional nationwide club competitions. With the introduction of the AFL, the SANFL, WAFL and other state leagues rapidly declined to a secondary status. Apart from these there are many semi-professional and amateur leagues around Australia, where they play a very important role in the community, and particularly so in rural areas. The VFA, still in existence a century after the original schism, merged with the former VFL reserves competition in 1998. The new entity adopted the VFL name. :See also: :
- [http://www.sanfl.com.au/ Official SANFL site] :
- [http://www.wafl.com.au/ Official WAFL site] :
- [http://www.vafa.asn.au/ Official Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA) site]

Traditions of the game

At the elite level, the game still retains some links to its suburban roots. AFL players run on to the field through a crêpe paper banner depicting some message (for instance, congratulating players on a milestone number of games) constructed by volunteer supporter groups. Games begin by tossing a coin, for the winning captain to select the end of the field of their goal for the first quarter. Unlike other forms of football, Australian football begins similarly to basketball. After the first siren, the umpire bounces the ball on the ground, and the two ruckmen (typically the tallest on the ground), battle for the ball in the air on its way back down. All AFL clubs also have a club song, most of which were composed during the early 20th century, or mimic the musical styles of that era. Some teams use club songs set to the tunes of well-known American marches. Both teams songs are played as they enter the ground, and the winners song is sung at the end of the game. The goal umpire signals a goal (or behind) with 2 hands (or one hand) raised at elbow height, and then confirms the signal with the other goal umpire by waving flags above his head. Some traditions change, however, and the goal umpire no longer wears a white coat and broad brimmed hat.

Australian football internationally

Australian football is a major spectator sport only in Australia, Papua New Guinea and Nauru, although occasional exhibition games are staged in other countries. However, amateur competition has grown in countries such as New Zealand, Ireland, United Kingdom, Denmark, the USA, Canada, Germany, Japan, Samoa, China, South Africa, Tonga and Indonesia, since the late 1980s. Many of these were initially established by Australian expatriates but collecting growing numbers of native players. The largest such competition is the Ontario Australian Football League, in Canada, with 12 teams scheduled to compete in 2006. There are now youth deveopment programs in several of these countries; since 1998, the Barassi International Australian Football Youth Tournament, endorsed by the AFL as part of its International Policy, has hosted several of junior teams from other countries. Australian football is not yet large enough internationally for a FIFA-style governing body, so the AFL is primarily responsible for funding and governance and provides around A$500,000 annually for international development, especially junior programs. The Arafura Games, held in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia is a multisport competition for teams from northern Australia, South East Asia and the Pacific Islands. They have Australian football as a permanent competition sport, rather than a demonstration sport, as at other international events. Papua New Guinea won the gold medal and retained it in subsequent games. Other teams that have competed at Australian Rules in the games include Japan, Nauru and a Northern Territory indigenous team. The International Australian Football Council (IAFC) was formed after the 1995 Arafura Games. Following internal divisions in the IAFC, another organisation, Aussie Rules International was set up in London. Inspired by successful Arafura Games competitions, the inaugural Australian Football International Cup was held in Melbourne in 2002, an initiative of the newly formed IAFC. The 2002 cup was contested by 11 teams from around the world made up exclusively of non-Australians. Ireland won the 2002 cup, defeating Papua New Guinea in the final. :See also: List of Australian Football Leagues outside Australia

Australian Football Hall of Fame

For the centenary of the VFL/AFL in 1996, an Australian Football Hall of Fame was established. That year 136 identities were inducted, including 100 players, 10 coaches, 10 umpires, 10 administrators and 6 media representatives. The selections have caused some controversy, partly because of the predominance of VFL players at the expense of those who played in other leagues, in the years before there was a national competition. Gary Ablett's induction was deferred for several years until 2005 due to a controversy associated with the death of a young woman acquaintance shortly after his retirement, which was felt to be likely to bring the Hall into disrepute. The elite Legend status was bestowed on 12 members of the Hall of Fame in 1996; seven other football identities have subsequently received this honour. The original legends (in alphabetical order) are:
- Ron Barassi Junior
- Haydn Bunton Senior
- Roy Cazaly
- John Coleman
- Jack Dyer
- Graham "Polly" Farmer
- Leigh Matthews
- John Nicholls
- Bob Pratt
- Dick Reynolds
- Bob Skilton
- Ted Whitten Senior Later additions:
- Ian Stewart (later in 1997)
- Gordon Coventry (1998)
- Peter Hudson (1999)
- Kevin Bartlett (2000)
- Barrie Robran (2001)
- Bill Hutchison (2003)
- Jock McHale (2005)

Australian rules football attendance records

The record attendance for a single game was 121,696 at the 1970 VFL Grand Final, between Carlton and Collingwood, at the MCG. The record for a game outside Victoria was the 72,393 who attended a game between Sydney and Collingwood at Telstra Stadium, Sydney in 2003. The record attendance for a non AFL/VFL match is 66,897 at the 1976 SANFL Grand Final, played between Sturt and Port Adelaide at Football Park, Adelaide. The record for a game outside Australia was 32,789 at an exhibition match between Melbourne and Sydney at B.C. Place, Vancouver, Canada in 1987.

External links

Official sites:
- [http://www.afl.com.au/ Official AFL site]
- [http://www.iafc.com.au/ Official International Australian Football Council site]
- [http://afl.com.au/?pg=halloffame AFL Hall of Fame]
- [http://www.worldfooty.com Barassi International Australian Football Youth Tournament]
- [http://www.aussierulesinternational.com/ Aussie Rules International]
- [http://www.geocities.com/womensfootball/ Womens Football Australia]
- [http://www.footballaustralien.com The Official French Site] History-related sites:
- [http://www.footypedia.com/ Footypedia] - Covers local footy history
- [http://www.robertpascoe.net Robert Pascoe] - Author of The Winter Game
- [http://www.footyjumpers.com Footyjumpers.com - Every Football Jumper in VFL/AFL History]
- [http://www.convictcreations.com/football/index.htm Convict Creations] - information on the sport's role in shaping Australian culture
- [http://www.libcom.org/history/articles/radical-history-aussie-rules/index.php The Radical History of Aussie Rules Football]
- [http://www.fullpointsfooty.net/ Full Points Footy] - unofficial history site Fan sites:
- [http://www.FootySA.com/ FootySA.com - The Best Unofficial SANFL site]
- [http://www.bigfooty.com/ BigFooty.com] - Largest unofficial fan community site and forum
- [http://www.footynews.net/ Footynews] - unofficial news site
- [http://eteamz.active.com/sites/australianfootball/ The Best Game] Why Australian rules is the world's best game.
- [http://www.worldfootynews.com/ World Footy News] All the news and views from Australian football's global frontier
- [http://www.talkingfootball.net/ A medium sized AFL statistics and fan site]
- [http://aussierules.co.nr/ Daniel's Aussie Rules]- Footy scores, ladders, news and archives Category:Team sports Category:Ball games ja:オージーフットボール

Collingwood Football Club

The Collingwood Football Club, nicknamed The Magpies after the black and white striped jerseys worn by the players, is an Australian rules football club, playing in the elite Australian Football League. The Magpies are known for their passionate supporting base, and have traditionally been the team other fans "love to hate", due perhaps to their on-field successes combined with a "rough and ready" attitude in line with the club's working-class roots. The national league may have diluted this feeling somewhat, but rivalries with fellow Victorian clubs Carlton, Essendon and Richmond remain fierce. The club was traditionally known in Melbourne as the "Catholic" club, possibly due to support in the 1920s from the wealthy businessman John Wren, and also due to the support of Irish descendants living in the Collingwood slums in the early years of the 20th century. Collingwood has traditionally been the greatest crowd puller in Australian football, which is to say among the greatest in world sport. In 1970, 120,000 spectators watched Carlton defeat Collingwood in the grand final, and several times during the "home and away" phase of the season Collingwood games will feature crowds close to the current MCG capacity of around 90,000. Collingwood's long era as the club with the highest member base has ended with the arrival of the national competition. The club's motto is "Floreat Pica", translated from Latin as "May the Magpies flourish".

History

The club was formed from scratch by local residents in 1889 as the Collingwood Football Club, apparently with the sole intention of joining the best competition. There were some links to an established junior club, the Britannia Football Club. In 1891 the new club, yet to play serious competitive football, was admitted to the Victorian Football Association, then the leading Australian football organisation (formed in 1877). The first Collingwood match was attended by 16,000 people, a high figure at that time. Improvement came, and Collingwood won its first and only VFA premiership in 1896, defeating South Melbourne. Collingwood was one of the leading group of wealthy, popular and powerful clubs that was moving away from the lower VFA clubs, so Collingwood was a founding member of the breakaway Victorian Football League, founded in 1897. Collingwood won its first VFL title in 1902. The club was professional from the beginning. Collingwood is notable for holding the greatest run of successive premierships - four in a row from 1927-1930. But equally renowned has been their tendency to lose grand finals since the 1960s. Despite this, the club still has won more individual games, more final and grand-final appearances than any other club. Their 1958 premiership was to be their last for 32 years. The victory in 1958 was an underdog victory, with Collingwood motivated to prevent their opponent Melbourne winning its fourth successive Grand Final. In 1959 and 1960 Melbourne won again, so Collingwood's 1958 victory was essential to protect the club's greatest claim to fame. During this drought, fans remarkably had to endure no less than nine fruitless grand finals (1960, 1964, 1966, 1970, 1977 (drawn, then lost in a replay the following week), 1979, 1980, 1981), inspiring the term "Colliwobbles" to signify a choking phenomenon (as opposed to "collywobbles", an English word meaning an upset stomach). The 1990 team coached by Leigh Matthews brought relief in a one-sided affair against Essendon. The team then fell into a state of decline, before being rejuvenated by its new president, Eddie McGuire, who led an on- and off-field modernisation mission which helped the team to reach the grand final in 2002 and 2003. Ironically, it was Leigh Matthews who coached the Brisbane Lions to victory on both occasions. Collingwood was one of the last clubs to abandon its traditional stadium, the famous inner-city Victoria Park. Collingwood is now based at the MCG (Melbourne Cricket Ground), with some "home" games played at the Telstra Dome. It now also has it's headquarters situated in the former Glasshouse Entertainment Centre which is now called "The Lexus Centre". This building is also shared with the Victorian Institute of Sport (VIS) But despite the fact that Collingwood continue to make mass amounts of money through its huge support base and numerous sponsors the team continues to sink lower on the ladder after. After finishing 2nd in 2002 and 2003 the team fell to 13th and 15th (out of 16) in 2004 and 2005 respectively. The noted Australian playwright David Williamson scripted "The Club", a play inspired by the internal politics of Collingwood. A film version is available, featuring some Collingwood players in speaking and non-speaking roles.

AFL/VFL Premierships

1902, 1903, 1910, 1917, 1919, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1935, 1936, 1953, 1958, 1990. Collingwood has won the wooden spoon (finished last) in 1976 and 1999.

Current roster

As of December 13, 2005:

Captains

- Syd Coventry 1931-1934
- Harry Collier 1935-1939
- Jack Regan 1940-1941 1943
- Phonse Kyne 1942 1946-1949
- Pat Fricker 1944
- Albie Pannam 1945
- Gordon Hocking 1950-1951
- Lou Richards 1952-1955
- Neil Mann 1956
- Bill Twomey 1957
- Frank Tuck 1958-1959
- Murray Weideman 1960-1963
- Ray Gabelich 1964-1965
- Des Tuddenham 1966-1969 1976
- Terry Waters 1970-1971
- Wayne Richardson 1972-1975
- Max Richardson 1977
- Len Thompson 1978
- Ray Shaw 1979-1980
- Peter Moore 1981-1982
- Mark Williams 1983-1986
- Tony Shaw 1987-1993
- Gavin Brown 1994-1998
- Nathan Buckley 1999-

Brownlow Medal winners

- Syd Coventry (1927)
- Albert Collier (1929)
- Harry Collier (1930 tied)
- Marcus Whelan (1939)
- Desmond Fothergill (1940)
- Len Thompson (1972)
- Peter Moore (1979)
- Nathan Buckley (2003 tied)

Records set by Collingwood Players

- Most Goals kicked in a match: Gordon Coventry - 17.4 (R12, 1930, VP)
- Most Best & Fairests: Nathan Buckley (1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003)
- Most Matches as Coach: Jock McHale - 714 (1912-1949)¹
- Most Matches as Captain/Acting Captain: Syd Coventry - 153 (1925-1934)
- Most Goals in a Season: Peter McKenna - 143 (1970)
- Most Goals by a Single Person: Gordon Coventry - 1299 (1920-1937)
- Greatest Winning Margin: 178 points R4, 1979 (VP) - Collingwood 31.21 (207) v St Kilda 3.11 (29) ¹ League record

Team of the Century

Collingwood announced its team of the century on June 14 1997, celebrating 100 years since the beginning of the VFL.

'Good Old Collingwood Forever' Lyrics

Good old Collingwood forever They know how to play the game Side by side the stick together To uphold the magpies name See the barrackers are shouting As all barrackers should Oh, the premierships a cakewalk For the good old Collingwood.

External links

- [http://www.collingwoodfc.com.au/ Official Website of the Collingwood Football Club]
- [http://www.fullpointsfooty.net/collingwood.htm Full Points Footy History of the Collingwood Football Club] Category:Australian Football League clubs Category:Sporting clubs in Melbourne

Fitzroy Football Club

The Fitzroy Football Club, latterly known as "the Lions", was formed in 1883 and was a foundation member club of the Victorian Football League on its inception in 1897. The club ran into financial difficulties in the 1980s and was forced to merge with the Brisbane Bears at the end of the 1996 season to form the Brisbane Lions. Brisbane Lions

History

Early years

The Fitzroy Football Club formed at a meeting at the Brunswick Hotel in September 1883, at a time when Melbourne's population was rapidly increasing. The Victorian Football Assocation (VFA) made changes to their rules, allowing Fitzroy to be join as the seventh club in 1884, playing in the maroon and blue colours of the local Normandy Junior Football Club. They quickly became one of the most successful clubs, drawing large crowds to their Brunswick Street ground and consistently in the top four and winning the VFA premiership in 1895. Their rover Jack Worrall was twice named 'Champion of the Colony'. In 1897, Fiztroy were one of the eight clubs who broke away from the VFA to form the Victorian Football League (VFL). Despite winning only four games and finishing sixth in the first season, the Maroons, as they were then known, won the premiership the following year, winning the VFL's first "Grand Final" against Essendon. Fitzroy was the most successful club in the first 10 years of the VFL, winning four premierships and finishing runners-up on three occaisions. Despite internal problems after the 1906 season which led to the players and set the club back for several seasons, the 1913 team won the flag after winning 16 of 18 matches in the home and away season, earning the nickname "Unbeatables". In contrast, the 1916 Fitzroy team only won 2 home and away matches and finished last in a competition reduced by the effects of World War One to four teams. All four teams qualified for the finals, and Fitzroy won their next three games to win one of the strangest VFL premierships.

Between the wars

The Maroons won their seventh premiership in 1922, a year season which included four very rough games against eventual runners-up Collingwood. However, after this their fortunes waned, and they did not make the finals at all from 1925 to 1942. During this time, highlights for the club were individual achievements of their players, especially Haydn Bunton. Originally a source of controversy, lured to Fiztroy with an illegal £222 payment, and subsequently not allowed to play in the 1930 season, Bunton became one of the game's greatest players, winning three Brownlow Medals while at Fitzroy. Brownlow Medals were also won by Wilfred Smallhorn and Dinny Ryan, while Jack Moriarty set many goalkicking records. It was during this time that the Marrons became known as the Gorillas.

Post-war

Football was less affected by World War Two than it had been in 1916, and by 1944 was starting to return to its normal level. It was in this year, under captain-coach Fred Hughson, that the Gorillas won their eighth VFL flag against Richmond in front of a capacity crowd at Junction Oval. However, it was also to be their last senior premiership, as the club, which became known as the Lions in 1957 entered one of the least successful periods any VFL club has had. The club finished in the bottom three 11 times in the 60s and 70s, including 3 wooden spoons in 4 years and going completely winless in 1964, but still continued to produce great individual players, including Brownlow Medallists Alan Ruthven and Kevin Murray. In 1967, Fitzroy moved its home games from Brunswick Street to Princes Park and from then on suffered from a lack of a permanent home. In 1970, they moved to Junction Oval and had a short lived promising start to the decade, followed by a night premiership win in 1978 and a League record score of 36.22 (228) in 1979. However, Fitzroy's most significant post-war success was in the early eighties, when the Lions made the finals four times, culminating in a preliminary final appearance in 1986. This success occurred under the coaching of Robert Walls and David Parkin, with players such as 1981 Brownlow Medallist Bernie Quinlan, Garry Wilson, Gary Pert and Paul Roos, but still without financial success or a permanent home. The Lions played at Victoria Park in 1985 and 1986 and then moved back to Princes Park.

The merger years

Talk of the death of the club due to financial troubles occurred as early as 1986, and in 1989 the directors agreed to almagamation with Footscray. Many Footscray supporters did not approve, and made donations which averted the merger. At other times, joing with Melbourne or relocating to Brisbane was suggested. As well as trying several fund-raising ventures, the Lions experimented with playing four home matches in Tasmania in 1991 and 1992, but lost money in the process. In 1994, the club moved its home matches to Western Oval, its fourth home ground in 10 years. While the financial future of the club was uncertain, its on-field performances continued to deteriorate, to the point where the Lions finished last by a long way in 1996. On Friday, June 28, 1996, the Nauru Insurance Company, a creditor of the Fitzroy Football Club, appointed Michael Brennan to administer the affairs of the Fitzroy Football Club in order to ensure a loan of AU$1.25million was to be repaid. The AFL guaranteed funds to allow Fitzroy to continue in the competition for the remainder of 1996. On July 4 1996, the Fitzroy Football Club merged with the Brisbane Bears, to be based in Brisbane at the Brisbane Cricket Ground (sometimes referred to as the Gabba) - an arrangement ensuring all creditors were repaid. At least eight Fitzroy players were to be selected by the Brisbane Lions before the 1996 National Draft and three Fitzroy representatives were to be on the new club's 11-member board. On September 1 1996, Fitzroy played their final AFL game against Fremantle at Subiaco Oval in Perth. Fitzroy were beaten by 86 points.

Post-merger

There is still a Fitzroy Football Club which claims to be a continuation of the original club. For a time this club had a partnership with Coburg, a club playing in the VFL. It now sponsors the Fitzroy Reds (formerly University Reds) in the Victorian Amateur Football Assocation.

Club Facts

Premierships

- 1898
- 1899
- 1904
- 1905
- 1913
- 1916 (see note)
- 1922
- 1944 Note: The 1916 premiership came in a year when the club also won the wooden spoon. Only four teams contested the premiership that year, and at the end of the home and away rounds all teams made the finals. Fitzroy finished last at the end of the home-and-away season but finished strongly in the finals to complete a stunning form reversal.

Brownlow medallists

- Haydn Bunton Senior - 1931
- Haydn Bunton Senior -- 1932
- Wilfred 'Chicken' Smallhorn - 1933
- Haydn Bunton Senior - 1935
- Dinny Ryan -- 1936
- Allan Ruthven -- 1950
- Kevin Murray -- 1969
- Bernie Quinlan -- 1981 (co-winner)

Norm Smith medallists

Nil

Home venues

- 1884-1966 Brunswick Street Oval
- 1967-1969 Princes Park
- 1970-1984 Junction Oval
- 1985-1986 Victoria Park
- 1987-1993 Princes Park
- 1994-1996 Whitten Oval Note: Fitzroy also played home matches at North Hobart Oval and Bruce Stadium (Canberra).

Club records

Win-loss record: Played 1928, won 869, lost 1034, drawn 25 Highest score: 238 points (36 goals 22 behinds) v Melbourne FC, Round 17 28 July 1979 Lowest score: 6 points (1 goal) v Footscray FC, Round 5 23 May 1953 Greatest winning margin: 190 points v Melbourne FC, Round 17 28 July 1979 Biggest loss: 157 points v Hawthorn FC, Round 6 28 April 1991 Longest winning streak: 14 games, Round 10 16 July 1898 to Round 4 27 May 1899 Longest losing streak: 27 games, Round 11 20 July 1963 to Round 1 17 April 1965 Most games played: 333 - Kevin Murray 1955-1964 & 1967-1974

External links

- [http://www.fitzroyfc.com.au/ Official Website of the Fitzroy Football Club]
- [http://www.fullpointsfooty.net/fitzroy_(1).htm Fitzroy history]

References

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- Category:Australian Football League clubs

Ice hockey

Ice hockey, known simply as hockey in Canada and the United States, is a team sport played on ice. It is one of the world's fastest sports, with players on skates capable of going high speeds on natural or artificial ice surfaces. The most prominent ice hockey nations are Canada, United States, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia. In all there are 64 members in the International Ice Hockey Federation. As one might expect, its worldwide popularity is concentrated primarily in locales cold enough for natural, long-term seasonal ice cover. It is the official national winter sport of Canada, and it is comparably popular in certain regions of the United States (notably the Northeast, the Northern Midwest, and Alaska). The parts of North America which have the strongest followings of the sport are often called "hockey country". Although it is the least watched major professional sport in the United States, it enjoys intense popularity in Canada. It is generally accepted that about 10 million Canadians watched the 2002 Olympic gold medal hockey game on television, in which Canada defeated the United States 5-2. While most of the countries mentioned above have their own professional ice hockey league, North America's National Hockey League, commonly called the NHL, is considered the world's premier professional ice hockey league and attracts almost all of the world's elite players.

Game

National Hockey League Ice hockey is played on a hockey rink by six players per side, each of whom is on ice skates. The objective of the game is to score goals by playing a hard vulcanized rubber disc, the puck, into the opponent's goal net, which is placed at the opposite end of the rink. The players may control the puck using a long stick with a blade that is commonly curved at one end. Players may also redirect the puck with any part of their bodies, subject to certain restrictions. One of the six players is typically a goaltender, whose primary job is to stop the puck from entering the net, and who is permitted unique gear towards that end. goaltender The other five players are divided into three forwards and two defencemen. The forward positions are named left wing, center and right wing. Forwards often play together as units or lines, with the same three forwards always playing together. The defencemen usually stay together as a pair, but may change less frequently than the forwards. A substitution of an entire unit at once is called a line change. Substitutions are permitted at any time during the course of the game, although during a stoppage of play the home team is permitted the final change. When players are substituted during play, it is called changing on the fly. The boards surrounding the ice help keep the puck in play, and play often proceeds for minutes without interruption. When play is stopped, it is restarted with a faceoff. There are two major rules of play in ice hockey that limit the movement of the puck: offside and icing. In most competitive leagues, each team may carry at most 23 players on its game roster, two of whom are typically goaltenders. North American professional leagues restrict the total number of skaters to 18 or fewer. The remaining characteristics of the game often depend on the particular code of play being used. The two most important codes are those of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and of the North American National Hockey League (NHL), the world's top professional league. North American amateur hockey codes, such as those of Hockey Canada and USA Hockey, tend to be a hybrid of the NHL and IIHF codes, while professional rules generally follow those of the NHL.

Penalties

USA Hockey A typical game of ice hockey has two to four officials on the ice charged with enforcing the rules of the game. There are typically two linesmen, who are responsible only for calling offside and icing violations, and one or two referees, who call goals and all other penalties. In men's hockey, but not in women's, a player may use his hip or shoulder to hit another player if the player has the puck or is the last to have touched it. This use of the hip and shoulder is called body checking. Not all physical contact is legal -- in particular, most forceful stick-on-body contact is illegal -- as there are many infractions for which a player may be assessed a penalty. For most penalties, the offending player is sent to the penalty box and his team has to play without him for a short amount of time, giving the other team what is popularly termed a power play. A two-minute minor penalty is often called for lesser infractions such as tripping, elbowing, roughing, boarding, high-sticking, too many players on the ice, illegal equipment, charging (leaping into an opponent), holding, interference, delay of game, hooking, or cross-checking. More egregious fouls of this type may be penalized by a four-minute double-minor penalty, particularly those which (inadvertently) cause injury to the victimized player. These penalties end either when the time runs out or the other team scores on the power play; in the case of a goal scored during the first two minutes of a double minor, the penalty clock is set down to two minutes upon a score (effectively expiring the first minor). Five-minute major penalties are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions which result in intentional injury to an opponent, as well as for fighting (from which comes the band Five for Fighting) and spearing. Major penalties are always served in full: they do not terminate on a goal scored by the other team. Two varieties of penalty do not always require the offending team to play a man down. Ten-minute misconduct penalties are served in full by the penalized player, but his team may immediately substitute another player on the ice unless a minor or major penalty is assessed in conjunction with the misconduct (a two-and-ten or five-and-ten). In that case, the team designates another player to serve the minor or major; both players go to the penalty box, but only the designee may not be replaced, and he is released upon the expiration of the two or five minutes, at which point the ten-minute misconduct begins. The rare game misconducts are assessed for deliberate intent to inflict severe injury on an opponent. The offending player is ejected from the game and must immediately leave the playing surface (he does not sit in the penalty box); meanwhile, if a minor or major is assessed in addition, a designated player must serve out that segment of the penalty in the box (similar to the above-mentioned "two-and-ten"). A player who is tripped by an opponent on a breakaway – when there are no defenders except the goaltender between him and the opponent's goal – is awarded a penalty shot, an attempt to score without opposition from any defenders except the goaltender. A penalty shot is also awarded for a defender other than the goaltender covering the puck in the goal crease. Officials also stop play for puck movement violations, but no players are penalized for these offenses. The sole exceptions are deliberately falling on or gathering the puck to the body, carrying the puck in the hand, and shooting the puck out of play in one's defensive zone (all penalized two minutes for delay of game). Games are overseen by Official (ice hockey) that are selected by the league for which they work. The most common officiating organisation is [http://www.usahockey.com USA Hockey], where referees are selected for games depending on their experience level (one, two, three, or four. Officials are divided into on-ice officals and off-ice officals.

Tactics

Official (ice hockey) An important defensive tactic is checking – attempting to take the puck from an opponent or to remove the opponent from play. Forechecking is checking in the other team's zone, backchecking is checking while the other team is advancing down the ice toward one's own goal; these terms usually are applied to checking by forwards. Stick checking, sweep checking, and poke checking are legal uses of the stick to obtain possession of the puck. Body checking is using one's shoulder or hip to strike an opponent who has the puck or who is the last to have touched it. Offensive tactics include improving a team's position on the ice by advancing the puck out of one's zone towards the opponent's zone, progressively by gaining lines, first your own blue line, then the red line and finally the opponent's blue line. Offensive tactics are designed ultimately to score a goal by taking a shot. When a player purposefully directs the puck towards the opponent's goal, he or she is said to shoot the puck. A deflection is a shot which redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player, by allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal. A one-timer is a shot which is struck directly off a pass, without receiving the pass and shooting in two separate actions. A deke (short for decoy) is a feint with the body and/or stick to fool a defender or the goalie. Headmanning the puck is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player farthest down the ice. A team that is losing by one or two goals in the last few minutes of play may elect to pull the goalie; that is, removing the goaltender and replacing him or her with an extra attacker on the ice in the hope of gaining enough advantage to score a goal. However, this tactic is extremely risky, and as often as not leads to the winning team scoring a goal in the empty net. Although it is officially prohibited in the rules, at the professional level fights are sometimes used to affect morale of the teams, with aggressors hoping to demoralize the opposing players while exciting their own, as well as settling personal scores. Both players in an altercation receive five-minute major penalties for fighting. The player deemed to be the "instigator" of an NHL fight is penalized an additional two minutes for instigating, plus a ten-minute misconduct penalty. This so-called instigator rule is highly controversial in NHL hockey: many coaches, sportswriters, players and fans feel it prevents players from effectively policing the objectionable behavior of their peers, which is often cleverly hidden from referees. They point to less extreme on-ice violence during the era before the rule was introduced. Toronto Maple Leafs owner Conn Smythe famously observed that "If you can't beat 'em in the alley you can't beat 'em on the ice."

Periods and overtime

A game consists of three periods of twenty minutes each, the clock running only when the puck is in play. In international play, the teams change ends for the second period, again for the third period, and again after ten minutes of the third period. In many North American leagues, including the NHL, the last change is omitted. Various procedures are used if a game is tied. In tournament play, as well as in the NHL playoffs, North Americans favor sudden death overtime, in which the teams continue to play until a goal is scored. Prior to the 2004-05 NHL season , the National Hockey League decided ties by playing a single five-minute sudden death overtime period, with the added stipulation that each side can play with a maximum of five players on the ice during the overtime. International play and several North American professional leagues, including the NHL, now use an overtime period followed by a penalty shootout. If the score remains tied after an extra overtime period, the subsequent shootout consists of five (or three) players from each team taking penalty shots. After these six (or ten) total shots, the team with the most goals is awarded the victory. If the score is still tied, the shootout then proceeds to a sudden death (actually sudden victory) format. Regardless of the number of goals scored during the shootout by either team, the final score recorded will give the winning team one more goal than the score at the end of regulation time.

Equipment

The hard surfaces of the ice and boards, pucks flying at high speed (over 160 km/h at times), and other players maneuvering (and often intentionally colliding) pose a multitude of inherent safety hazards. Besides skates and sticks, hockey players are usually equipped with an array of safety gear to lessen their risk of serious injury. This usually includes a helmet, shoulder pads, elbow pads, mouth guard, protective gloves, heavily padded pants, a 'jock' athletic protector, and leg guards. Goaltenders wear masks and much bulkier, specialized equipment designed to protect them from many direct hits from pucks. Youth and college hockey players are required to wear a mask made from metal wire or transparent plastic attached to their helmet that protects their face during play. Professional and adult players may instead wear a visor that protects only their eyes, or no mask at all; however, some provincial and state legislations require full facial protection at all non-professional levels. Rules regarding visors and face masks are mildly controversial at professional levels, as some players feel that they interfere with their vision or breathing and/or encourage carrying of the stick up high, in a reckless manner, while others believe that they are a necessary safety precaution. In fact, the adoption of safety equipment has been a gradual one at the North American professional level, where even helmets were not mandatory until the 1980s. The famous goalie, Jacques Plante, had to suffer a hard blow to the face with a flying puck in 1959 before he could persuade his coach to allow him to wear a protective goalie mask in play.

History

The history of ice hockey is one of the most contested in all of sports. The city of Montreal had been traditionally credited with being the birthplace of hockey, but early paintings contest this claim; 16th-century Dutch paintings show a number of townsfolk playing a hockey-like game on a frozen canals. city of Montreal city of Montreal Kingston, Ontario and Windsor, Nova Scotia also lay claim to its origins for similar reasons. The origin of the word hockey is officially unknown, it may derive from the Old French word hoquet, shepherd's crook, but it may also derive from the Middle Dutch word hokkie which is the diminutive of 'hok', meaning litterally meaning 'shack' or 'doghouse' but in popular use meant goal. When Great Britain conquered Canada from France in 1763, soldiers used their knowledge of field hockey and the physically aggressive aspects of what the Mi'kmaq Aboriginal First Nation in Nova Scotia called dehuntshigwa'es (lacrosse). As Canadian winters are long and harsh, new winter sports were always welcomed. Using cheese cutters strapped to their boots, both English- and French-speaking Canadians played the game on frozen rivers, lakes, and ponds. Early paintings show hockey being played in Nova Scotia, as well as in the state of Virginia in the United States. On March 3, 1875, the first ever organized indoor game was played in Montreal, as recorded in the Montreal Gazette. In 1877, in order to make some sense of the game, McGill students, James Creighton, Henry Joseph, Richard F. Smith, W. F. Robertson and W. L. Murray invented seven ice hockey rules. Having an organized system in place, the game became so popular that it was featured for the first time in Montreal's annual Winter Carnival in 1883. In 1888, the governor general of Canada, Lord Stanley of Preston (whose sons were hockey enthusiasts), attended the Carnival and was so impressed with the hockey spectacle that he thought there should be a championship trophy for the best team. The Stanley Cup was first awarded then to the champion amateur team in Canada, and continues to be awarded today to the National Hockey League's championship team. As an interesting historical footnote, one of Lord Stanley's sons was instrumental in introducing ice hockey to the United Kingdom and from there, to Europe at large. By 1893, Winnipeg hockey players incorporated cricket pads to better protect the goaltender's legs. They also introduced the "scoop" shot, later known as the wrist shot. In the Upper Penninsula of Michigan, Houghton, MI was the birthplace of professional ice hockey in the United States when the Portage Lakers were formed in 1899. The National Hockey League was formed in November of 1917, when members of the former National Hockey Association were engaged in a dispute with one of their fellow owners over insurance proceeds. The NHA disbanded, and the new league began play in December of that year. On February 16, 2005, the NHL became the first major professional team sport in North America to cancel an entire season because of a labour dispute. Play resumed again in the fall of 2005.

Women's ice hockey

cancel an entire season Ice hockey is one of the fastest growing women's sports in the world, with the number of participants increasing 400 percent in the last 10 years. While there are not as many organized leagues for women as there are for men, there exist leagues of all levels, including the National Women's Hockey League, Western Women's Hockey League, and various European leagues; as well as university teams, national and Olympic teams, and recreational teams. There have been nine IIHF World Women Championships. The chief difference between women's and men's ice hockey is that bodychecking is not allowed in women's ice hockey. After the 1990 Women's World Championship, bodychecking was eliminated because women in many countries do not have the size and mass seen in North American players. There are many who feel that the relative lack of physical play is a detriment to its popularity among the mainstream hockey public. One woman, Manon Rhéaume, appeared as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning in preseason games against the St. Louis Blues and the Boston Bruins, and in 2003 Hayley Wickenheiser signed with the Kirkkonummi Salamat in the Finnish men's Suomi-sarja league. Several women have competed in North American minor leagues, including goaltenders Kelly Dyer, Erin Whitten and Rheaume, and forward Angela Ruggeiro.

International competition

Europeans highly regard the annual men's Ice Hockey World Championships, but it is less important to North Americans, because it coincides with the NHL playoffs and, therefore, in North Americans' view, Canada and the United States cannot field the best team since many of their players are unavailable. Now that most Europeans play in the NHL, the world championships no longer represent the best of any nation's players. Hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924 (and at the summer games in 1920). Canada won six of the first seven gold medals. The USSR won all but two Olympic ice hockey golds from 1956 to 1988, and won a final time as the Unified Team at the 1992 Albertville Olympics. Since all players in the communist system were "amateurs," the USSR's elite national team was the best the country had to offer, while the best Americans, Swedes, Finns, and Canadians were professionals and thus barred from Olympic competition. Nonetheless, American amateur college players defeated the heavily favored Soviet squad on the way to winning the gold medal at the 1980 Lake Placid Olympics. This "Miracle on Ice" launched a surge of newfound popularity for a game many Americans had not cared much about before. The 1972 Summit Series established Canada and the USSR as a major international ice hockey rivalry. It was followed by five Canada Cup tournaments, where the best players from every hockey nation could play. This tournament later became the World Cup of Hockey, played in in 1996 and 2004. Since 1998, NHL professionals have played in the Olympics as well, so that the best in the world have had more opportunities to face off. There have been nine women's world championships, beginning in 1990. Women's hockey has been played at the Olympics since 1998. Currently Canada and the US dominate the world scene (all world championship and Olympic finals have involved both countries).

Terminology

World Cup of Hockey net, while visiting the Powerade Centre.]]

External links

- [http://www.iihf.com/ International Ice Hockey Federation]
- [http://www.hhof.com/ Hockey Hall Of Fame]
- [http://www.nhl.com/ National Hockey League]
- [http://www.youthhockeyforum.com/ Youth Hockey]
- [http://hockeydb.com/ North American Statistics Database]
- [http://www.eurohockey.net/players/ European Player Statistics Database]
- [http://www.hockeyrefs.com/ HockeyRefs.com]
- [http://www.hockeysfuture.com/ Hockey's Future]
- [http://www.hockey.to/ Toronto Hockey]
- [http://www.tmlforum.com/ Toronto Maple Leafs discussion boards]
- [http://www.NHLReplay.com/ NHL Hockey discussion boards]
- [http://www.achahockey.org/ American Collegiate Hockey Association]

Notes

# Category:Olympic sports Category:Hockey Category:Winter sports Category:Team sports Category:Skating ja:アイスホッケー simple:Ice hockey

Stanley Cup

] The Stanley Cup, originally called the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, is awarded each year by the National Hockey League to the champion of its playoff tournament.

History

The Stanley Cup, originally a decorative bowl purchased from a London silversmith worth 10 guineas ($48.67 USD), was originally donated in 1892 by Lord Stanley, Governor General of Canada, who had become enamoured with ice hockey. It was originally used as the trophy given out to the top amateur hockey team in Canada, decided by the acceptance of a challenge from another team by the Cup holders and trustees. Lord Stanley had made several preliminary regulations regarding the Cup:
- The Cup also acted as the league championship of the league that the champion belonged in.
- The Cup was not the property of any given team at any given time.
- The Cup trustees have the final say on disputes should there be any on who the Cup holder should be.
- Challengers for the Cup must have won their league championship.
- The challenge games (where the Cup could change leagues) were to be decided either in one game affair, a two-game total goals affair, or a best of three series, to the benefit of both teams involved. All matches would take place on the home ice of the champions, although specific dates and times would have to be approved by the trustees.
- Ticket receipts from the challenge games were to be split equally between both teams.
- A league may not challenge for the Cup twice in one season.
- The Cup champions have the responsibility to return the Cup in good condition when required by the trustees.
- The Cup champions could add a silver ring to the Cup to commemorate their Cup victory. The Cup was originally presented in 1893 to the Montreal AAA, the champion of the Amateur Hockey Association, the top hockey league of Canada at the time.

Early years

Amateur Hockey Association The first Stanley Cup playoff game occurred in March 17, 1894, and the first game where the Cup was on the line occurred on March 22 the same year. The year saw four teams out of the five-team AHA tied for the championship with records of 5-3-0. This created problems for the AHA governors and the league trustees as to which team was champion, as there were no tiebreaking system in place. After long negotiation and the withdrawal of Quebec from the championship situation, it was decided that a three-team tournament would take place in Montreal, with the Ottawa team getting a bye to the finals (being the sole "road" team). The first Stanley Cup Final game saw the Montreal AAA successfully defending their title with a 3-1 win. The next year saw the first challenge for the cup, by Queen's University. However, this did not come without controversy. On March 8, 1895, the Montreal Victorias won the league title, and thus the Stanley Cup, but the challenge match, which was scheduled earlier for the next day, was to be between the previous year's champion and the university squad. Thus, it was decided by the trustees that the Montreal AAA, if they won the challenge match, would mean that the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions. The AAA would eventually win the match 5-1, while their cross-town rivals were crowned the champions. The first successful challenge was made the next year by the Winnipeg Victorias, the champions of the Manitoba Hockey League. On February 14, 1896, the Winnipeg squad defeated the champions 2-0, becoming the first team from outside of the AHA to win the Cup. Their cup reign was brief, though: the Montreal Victorias, upon winning the AHA championship, demanded a rematch for the Cup. In what was said to be the most anticipated hockey game of the time, the Montreal Victorias defeated the Winnipeg Victorias 6-5 on December 30, 1896. The first best-of-three challenge was originally scheduled in 1897 between the AHA champion Montreal Victorias against the Central Canada Hockey Association champion Ottawa Capitals. However, the series was ended after the first game, after the Victorias clearly had the upper hand in a 14-2 victory. It would be until 1899 that the first true best-of-three challenge series was played (although the Winnipeg Victorias forfeited the second game — and the championship — after a controversial referee call), and 1900 that the first best-of-three challenge went the distance. 1899 also saw the Cup being defended by two different teams in the same year, as the Montreal Victorias and new league champions Montreal Shamrocks defended the Cup against the Winnipeg Victorias and Queen's University, respectively. The challenge series of January 1902 saw the first series where the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (formerly the AHA) was not involved. The 1903 challenge series was the first to have a game replayed. On January 31, the clock struck midnight as the second game of the series remained tied 2-2 following 27 minutes of overtime between the Winnipeg Victorias and Montreal AAA. Because of the Sabbath, the game was replayed on February 2, with Winnipeg winning 4-2 to even the series. A month later, the AAA would finish third in the CAHL standings with the top two teams tied in the standings, and thus the Stanley Cup champions was determined from a two-game totals affair between the Montreal Victorias and the Ottawa Silver Seven. The Silver Seven, upon winning the title, were then forced to defend their championship two days later in a challenge series against the Rat Portage Thistles, a series that the Ottawa easily won. On January 30, 1904, a league game between the Silver Seven and the Montreal Victorias started late and both teams agreed to end the game at midnight, with the Silver Seven leading 4-1. The CAHL ordered instead the game to be replayed instead of aborted, and the ensuing debate caused the Silver Seven withdrawing from the CAHL. The CAHL hoped that, now without Ottawa, the Cup would remain with the CAHL and become the property of its Quebec team, while the Cup trustees thought otherwise. For a while, the Silver Seven were not affiliated with any league, but in 1905, they would join the rival Federal Amateur Hockey League. That year saw the Dawson City Nuggets in one of the more legendary Stanley Cup challenge series - partly because of the 4000-mile journey from the Yukon to the nation's Capital, and partly because how the Nuggets, tired from the long trip and arriving in Ottawa only a day before the game, were outplayed in the series. The second game of this series set many Stanley Cup records that were unmatched to this date, when Frank McGee scored 14 goals in a 23-2 rout, the largest margin of victory for any challenge game or Stanley Cup Final game to date. 1906 saw the creation of the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association and, in December of that year, the first professional players to play for (and win) the Stanley Cup. Until 1910, when Cup trustees declared that only players who played in their league's regular season were eligible to play for the Cup, it was commonplace for both champion and challenger in the challenge series to bring in professional ringers to play the challenge games. 1908 saw the first all-professional team, the Toronto Trolley Leaguers, compete for the Stanley Cup. By then, the Allan Cup replaced the Stanley Cup as the trophy for Canada's amateurs, and the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy. The 1909 saw the departure of the Montreal AAA and the Montreal Victorias, the two remaining amateur teams, from the ECAHA, and thus the ECAHA dropped the "Amateur" from their name, becoming an all-pro league. The following year saw the Canadian Hockey Association (formerly the ECHA) kicking out the Montreal Wanderers as well as the Ottawa Senators (formerly the Silver Seven) leaving the CHA in mid-season after a challenge series for the newly-formed National Hockey Association. With two strong teams in the NHA, the NHA soon proved to be unquestionably the top league in Canada. Prior to 1912, challenges could take place at any time, given the appropriate rink conditions, and it was common for teams to defend the Cup numerous times in the year. In 1912, Cup trustees declared that the Cup was only to be defended at the end of the champion team's regular season.

The new challenge

In 1914, the Victoria Aristocrats from the Pacific Coast Hockey Association informally challenged the Cup champion Toronto Blueshirts to a series of exhibition series. This would set up an agreement between the NHA and the PCHA a year later where their respective champions would face each other for the Cup, an agreement that, by large, lasted until 1926. The Stanley Cup Final series would alternate between the east and the west each year, while the differing rulesets of the NHA and PCHA would alternate each game. The Vancouver Millionaires would win the first "formal" final, three games to zero in a best-of-five series. 1916 saw the first American team, the Portland Rosebuds, in either league, as well as the first American team in the Stanley Cup Final. The following year saw the first American team (the Seattle Metropolitans) to host (and win) the Cup. 1917 saw the dissolution of the NHA and the formation of the National Hockey League in its place. The first year the Stanley Cup was not awarded was 1919, when the influenza epidemic that ravaged the world that year forcing the cancellation of the series between the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans, with Montreal's "Bad" Joe Hall dying from the flu. (See below for more about this.) The Stanley Cup finals format remained largely unchanged until 1922, with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League, where two of the league champions would face each other for the right to face the third champion. In 1924, because of a dispute on whether to send one or both of the western champions east, the PCHL's Vancouver Maroons and the WCHA's Calgary Tigers played in a series on the way east to determine who would get the free pass to the Finals and who would face the Montreal Maroons in the semifinal bout. 1924 saw the merger of the PCHA and the WCHL to form the Western Hockey League. Its champion that season, the Victoria Cougars, was the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup. Following the WHL's demise after the following season, the Cup's Trustees granted the NHL exclusive control of the Stanley Cup.

The Stanley Cup today

Victoria Cougars The Cup has been awarded every year since 1893, except for 1919 (when it was not awarded because of an outbreak of Spanish influenza) and 2005 (as a result of a labour dispute). The Montreal Canadiens have won the most Stanley Cups, twenty-four. The Toronto Maple Leafs come in second with 13 Cup wins. The highest-ranking American team is the Detroit Red Wings with 10 wins. In December 2004, a group of hockey fans from Edmonton announced their intention to ask the trophy's trustees to make the Stanley Cup a challenge trophy once again due to the 2004-05 NHL lockout. Their plan involved the winner of the Memorial Cup, Allan Cup, University Cup, as well as the top Canadian minor professional teams (AHL and ECHL). The Cup's current Trustees, Scotty Morrison and Brian O'Neill (both former longtime NHL officials), made no formal ruling, but were quoted as saying that the NHL's possession of the Cup is firm. There are actually three Stanley Cups; the original bowl, which is displayed in a vault at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario; a duplicate, made by Montreal silversmith Carl Petersen, which is the one awarded to the champions of the playoffs and is also used for promotions; and a replica that is occasionally on display at the Hockey Hall of Fame when the duplicate is travelling. It currently stands at 880 mm (35.2 inches) tall and weighs almost 14.6 kilograms (36 lb 8 oz). To have one's name inscribed on the Stanley Cup, a player must have played at least 41 games for the team during the regular season (provided the player remains with the team when they win the Cup) or a game of the Finals, although the NHL will also permit other reasons on a case-by-case basis. The player who has served on the most Stanley Cup championship teams is Henri "The Pocket Rocket" Richard, of the Montreal Canadiens, holder of 11 Stanley Cup Rings. Two other Canadiens have 10 rings: Jean Beliveau and Yvan Cournoyer.

Engraving on the Cup

A unique feature of the Stanley Cup is the fact that, with few exceptions in the past, the Stanley Cup is the only trophy in professional sports that has the name of every member of the winning team engraved upon it. This has not always been the case - one of Lord Stanley's original conditions said that each team could, at their own expense, add a ring on the Cup to commemorate their Cup victory (the first year being an exception). Initially, there was only one ring, the one added by the Montreal AAA. Teams would engrave their names on that one ring until it was full in 1902, and with no room to engrave their names (perhaps unwilling to pay for a second band to the Cup), teams left their mark on the bowl itself, starting with the 1903 Montreal AAA and continuing to 1908. In particular, the 1907 Montreal Wanderers recorded their names inside the bowl's interior. In 1908, for reasons unknown, the Wanderers, despite having turned aside four challengers, did not record their names on the Cup. The next year saw the Ottawa Senators add a new band onto the Cup. Despite the new room on the Cup, the 1910 Wanderers and the 1911 Senators, for reasons unknown, did not put their names on the Cup. The new band would eventually be filled by the Vancouver Millionaires, who, although they did not properly win the Cup (which by then was a formal championship game akin to the World Series), they did win the league championship of the previous champion's league. It has also been noted that two other teams were on the Cup due to the "league championship" clause from 1915 to 1918, although they did not officially win the Cup. It was a mystery why no further engraving occurred until 1924, when the Canadiens added a new band on the Cup. However, since then, the engraving of the team and its players have been an annual tradition that has not been broken. In particular, a new band was added each year until the Cup was redesigned in 1948, causing the Cup to balloon in size from 16 inches (400 mm) tall in 1909 to almost three feet (900 mm) in height in 1940. The Cup was redesigned in 1948 as a two-piece cigar-shaped trophy with a removable bowl and collar. This Cup also properly honored those teams that did not engrave their names on the Cup themselves. The modern one-piece Cup design was introduced in 1958 with the replacement of the old barrel with a five-band barrel (each of which could contain 13 winning teams). Although the bands were originally designed to fill up during the Cup's centennial year, the names of the 1965 Montreal Canadiens were engraved over a larger area than allotted (and thus there are 12 teams on that band instead of 13). The bands were finally filled up in 1991 when a decision was made to preserve the top band of the large barrel in the Hockey Hall of Fame and introduce a new blank band at the bottom so that the size of the Stanley Cup would not grow further. In 2004, a second band replacement was needed. It is also to be noted that since 1958, the Cup underwent several minor alterations, namely the retirement of the collar in 1963 and the bowl in 1969 in favor of duplicate ones due to the originals being too brittle.

Traditions and anecdotes

The Stanley Cup trophy itself is colloquially known as "Lord Stanley's Mug" or simply as "The Silver Cup" and tradition dictates that the winning team drink champagne from the top bowl after their victory. Another tradition dictates that immediately following the series-winning victory the captain of the winning team receives the Cup, and then is the first to hoist it overhead; the cup is then passed from player to player and hoisted by each member of the team as they skate round the rink, a tradition known as "skating the cup". This second tradition was slightly breached in 2001 by Joe Sakic and Ray Bourque when the Avalanche won the Cup. The seventh game of the 2001 Finals was the last of Bourque's 22 year NHL career, and he had never been on a Cup-winning team until then. After Avs captain Sakic received the Cup from NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman, he did not hoist it, but instead handed it to Bourque for him to hoist. Sakic then followed Bourque in hoisting the trophy. Another tradition (or rather superstition) that is prevalent among today's NHL players is that no player should touch the Cup itself until his team has rightfully won the Cup. Adding to this superstition is some players' choice to neither touch nor hoist the conference trophies (Clarence S. Campbell Bowl and Prince of Wales Trophy) when these series have been won; the players feel that the Stanley Cup is the true championship trophy and thus it should be the only trophy that they should be hoisting. However, it should be noted that in 1994, Stephane Matteau, then of the New York Rangers, admitted to tapping the Wales Trophy with his stick's blade before the overtime period in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals. Matteau subsequently scored the game-winning goal in double overtime. Although many players have unofficially had a private day with the Cup before, a tradition started in 1995 wherein each member of the Cup-winning team is allowed personal possession of the Cup for a day, the Cup also being accompanied by representatives of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Unfortunately, Lord Stanley himself never saw a game where his trophy was on the line, nor did he ever present the Cup bearing his name to the champions, having to return to England in 1893.

The Cup's travels

The Cup has been to many places around the world as one of the most recognizable trophies in professional sports. It has logged more than 400,000 miles (640,000 km) during the past five seasons. Among the places the Cup has travelled:
- the top of two mountains — Fisher Peak, near Cranbrook, British Columbia and Mt. Elbert in Colorado;
- both Red Square and a soccer game at Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow;
- a monument near Yekaterinburg, Russia marking the geographic boundary between Europe and Asia;
- an auto glass plant where then-Colorado Avalanche head coach Bob Hartley had been working at while he was coaching minor-league hockey;
- an Aboriginal Métis Nation Settlement;
- a roller-coaster at Universal Studios theme park;
- the "Hollywood" sign in Los Angeles;
- on the back of former Detroit Red Wings' player Darren McCarty's motorcycle for a spin;
- on the back of Tampa Bay Lightning's Brad Richards' jetski, and later on his father's fishing boat on Northumberland Strait (both times, the cup had its own life jacket);
- an igloo in Rankin Inlet;
- the White House as a guest of George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton;
- a guest on The Late Show with David Letterman, Meet the Press with Tim Russert, and Late Night with Conan O'Brien;
- took part in the 1999 5K Celebrity Run Walk in Los Angeles for Women's Cancer Research.

Misadventures

The Cup has also been mistreated, misplaced, or otherwise misused on numerous occasions:
- A member of the 1905 Ottawa Silver Seven tried to see if he could drop kick the Cup across the frozen Rideau Canal. The attempt failed, and the Cup was not retrieved until the next day.
- Weeks after members of the 1906 Montreal Wanderers left it at a photographer's studio, officials learned that the photographer's mother was using the Cup to plant geraniums.
- Several members of the 1924 Canadiens, en route to celebrate their win at owner Leo Dandurand's home, left it by a roadside after repairing a flat tire. The Cup was recovered exactly where they left it.
- In 1925, Lynn and Muzz Patrick, the children of Victoria Cougars manager-coach Lester Patrick, discover the Cup in the basement of their home, and scratched their names on the Cup with a nail. In 1940, both Lynn and Muzz would be properly engraved on the Cup as members of the New York Rangers. They would also urinate in the cup with teammates in 1940.
- During the 1940-41 season, the mortgage on the then-current Madison Square Garden was paid off. The arena management publicly burned the mortgage in the Cup. Some fans claimed that this act "desecrated" the Cup, leading to the alleged Curse of 1940, which "caused" the Rangers to wait 54 years for another Cup win.
- New York Islanders' Bryan Trottier admitted not only to sleeping with it (as have, apparently, dozens of players before and since), but also to unscrewing the bowl as a food dish for his dog.
- In 1988, the Edmonton Oilers' Mark Messier took it to a strip club and let fans drink out of it. The Cup wound up slightly bent in various places for reasons unknown. The Cup was repaired at a local automotive shop, and shipped back to the Hockey Hall of Fame.
- Both the 1991 Pittsburgh Penguins and 1993 Montreal Canadiens tested its buoyancy, causing it to wind up at the bottom of Mario Lemieux's and Patrick Roy's respective swimming pools ("The Stanley Cup," as pointed out by then-Canadiens captain Guy Carbonneau, "does not float.")
- Several 1994 Rangers, during their year with the Cup, took it to Belmont Park, a horse racing track just outside the New York City limits. While there, they filled the Cup with oats and let the previous Kentucky Derby winner, Go for Gin, eat out of it.
- Sylvain Lefebvre of the 1996 Colorado Avalanche had his daughter baptized in it.
- In 2003, the Cup was slated to make its first-ever visit to Slovakia with New Jersey Devils' Jiri Bicek, but it never arrived, having inadvertently been left behind in Canada; the Cup made the next flight out of Toronto.
- On August 22, 2004, Walter Neubrand, keeper of the Cup, was en route to Fort St. John, British Columbia to deliver it to Tampa Bay Lightning head scout Jake Goertzen. However, Air Canada officials at Vancouver International Airport removed the 35-pound (16 kilogram) trophy before takeoff because of weight restrictions. The Cup spent the night in the luggage area, 750 miles (1200 kilometres) away. It was flown to Fort St. John the following day.

Errors in engraving

There have also been errors on the engraving on the Cup, some of which also exist on the duplicate Cup found in the Hockey Hall of Fame:
- In 1929, Boston Bruins player-coach Cy Denneny's name was listed on the Cup twice (once as a player and once as a coach), with one being spelled correctly and the other as "Cy Dennenny".
- In 1952, Detroit Red Wings' coach Tommy Ivan's last name was misspelled as "Nivan", and Alex Delvecchio's last name was misspelled as "Belvecchio".
- In 1964, the Toronto Maple Leafs was misspelled as "Toronto Maple Leaes", the Montreal Canadiens was misspelled as "Montreal Canadiene" two years later, and in 1981, the New York Islanders were identified as the "New York Ilanders".
- In 1972,The Boston Bruins was spelled "Bqstqn" Source: NHL.com - The Stanley Cup. http://www2.nhl.com/hockeyu/history/cup/fun_facts.html
- Some other misspells on the Cup that never have been corrected: Jacques Plante's name has been misspelled five times, (incl. "Jocko," "Jack" and "Plant"); Bob Gainey was spelled "Gainy" when he was a player for Montreal in the 1970s; Ted Kennedy was spelled "Kennedyy" in the 1940s Source: NHL.com - The Stanley Cup. http://www2.nhl.com/hockeyu/history/cup/fun_facts.html
- In 1984, Oilers owner Peter Pocklington included his father, Basil Pocklington, on his trophy. However, as Basil had no connection to the team, his name was crossed out with a row of Xs.
- In 1996, Colorado Avalanche forward Adam Deadmarsh's last name was misspelled as "Deadmarch". It was later corrected, the first time that had ever happened. Six years later, Detroit Red Wings' goaltender Manny Legace's last name was misspelled "Lagace", and was also corrected.

Playoff games of note

1919 flu epidemic: Stanley Cup not awarded

During the 1918-19 Stanley Cup playoffs between the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans, several Canadiens players contracted Spanish influenza, part of a worldwide epidemic. The finals were cancelled after five games. The final game was never played, because Montreal players Joe Hall, Manager Kennedy, Billy Coutu, Jack McDonald and Edouard Lalonde were hospitalized with influenza. Joe Hall died four days after the cancelled game, and the series was abandoned, remaining tied at 2-2-1. At that time, it was the only year for which the Stanley Cup was not awarded until the labour stoppage of 2004-2005.

1927 Stanley Cup brawl

In Game 4 of the 1927 Stanley Cup, Boston Bruins defenseman Billy Coutu started a Stanley Cup brawl, apparently at the request of coach Art Ross. Coutu punched referee Jerry LaFlamme. As a result, Billy Coutu was the first player to be suspended from the NHL for life. On October 8, 1929, the suspension was lifted so that Coutu could play in the minor leagues. He never played in the NHL again.

2004-05 lockout

A labour dispute between the NHL's owners and the NHLPA, the union that represents the players, forced a lockout that began on September 15, 2004, leading to the cancellation of the 2004-05 season and Stanley Cup Playoffs on February 16, 2005. A fan site known as [http://www.freestanley.com Free Stanley] was also launched in hopes of having the Cup be given to the best hockey team in Canada; they called for a return to the "challenge cup format" previously used in competing for the Cup. A group in Ontario known as [http://www.justiceforstanley.ca/ Justice for Stanley] also filed an application with the Ontario Superior Court requesting a ruling on the terms of the Stanley Cup trust; they claimed that the trustees must award the trophy regardless of the NHL lockout. Governor General Adrienne Clarkson stated early in the dispute that the Cup should be awarded to the top women's hockey team since the lockout cancelled the NHL season, but on March 10, 2005, she announced that she would instead create a new trophy for women's hockey. Details of how the competition will be organized and the trophy awarded have not yet been announced. An annoucement on July 13, 2005 detailed the ending to the lockout. The players and owners agreed to a ratification of the Collective Bargaining Agreement in a twenty-four hour period on July 21 and July 22 of that year. On October 5,2005, the NHL began the 2005-2006 season with many revised rules.

External links

- [http://www.legendsofhockey.net A virtual look at the Stanley Cup] Category:NHL trophies and awards Category:Ice hockey in Canada ja:スタンレー・カップ

Montreal Canadiens

The Montréal Canadiens are the oldest established National Hockey League franchise. They are based in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. One of the NHL's 'Original Six' franchises, along with the Boston Bruins, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs. The franchise is officially known as Le club de hockey Canadien, but is usually referred to in English Canada as the "Montreal Canadiens". French nicknames for the team include le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge, le Tricolore, les Glorieux, and les Habitants. The team jersey is referred to as la Sainte-Flanelle. In English, the main nicknames are the Habs and the Flying Frenchmen (Usually refers to historic teams).

Facts

:Founded: 1909-1910 :Arena: Bell Centre (capacity 21,273). Formerly known as Molson Centre until 2002. :Former arenas: Montreal Forum (1924-1996), Mount Royal Arena (1920-1924), Jubilee Arena (1918-1920), Montreal Arena (1909-1918) :Uniform écolours: red, white, and blue :Logo design: a C with an H in the centre (for Club de Hockey Canadien) Some Montrealers clam the H is for Habitants. :Mascot: Youppi. :Motto: To you from failing hands we throw the torch. Be yours to hold it high. (English);
Nos mains meurtries vous tendent le flambeau, à vous toujours de le porter bien haut (French). :The Canadiens' junior team won the Memorial Cup in 1950, 1969, and 1970. :Crowd Chants: In English, "Go Habs Go", and in French, "Olé olé olé", "Halte-là! Halte-là! Les Canadiens sont là!". :Rivals: Toronto Maple Leafs, Boston Bruins, Ottawa Senators, Buffalo Sabres, Quebec Nordiques (1979-1995)

Franchise history

With the possible exception of baseball's New York Yankees, no North American sports team has had as storied and as successful a history as the Montréal Canadiens, the oldest team in professional hockey. They have won 24 Stanley Cups, eleven more than the team with the next largest number – the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Maple Leafs are regarded by many as the Canadiens bitter rivals although within the province of Quebec at least, this is open for debate. Since the 1970's, the Boston Bruins have developed a heated and emotional rivalry with the Canadiens through their many playoff encounters. The former Québec Nordiques were also bitter rivals of the Canadiens, and their matchups came to be known as "The Battle of Quebec". However their rivalry with the Toronto Maple Leafs is the most storied and most famous rivalry in North American professional ice hockey.

1909 to 1931

Before there was an NHL, there were Montréal Canadiens. They were a charter member of the league's forerunner, the National Hockey Association (NHA), in 1909. In 1916 they beat the Portland Rosebuds of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association to win their first Stanley Cup; and they returned to the finals the following season, only to lose to the Seattle Metropolitans. Seattle MetropolitansThe Canadiens and four other NHA team executives formed the NHL in 1917. Two years later, they once again faced Seattle for the Stanley Cup, but tragedy struck with the series tied at two games apiece: a Spanish Flu pandemic hit Seattle, and star Joe Hall died. The remainder of the series was cancelled. In addition to Hall's death, the next season they lost Joe Malone (the most frequent scorer in NHL history - had he been playing with today's schedule, he would have scored over 100 goals a season). Malone was on loan from the dormant Quebec Bulldogs, but that team returned to the ice in 1919. With rookie Howie Morenz completing a line with veterans Aurel Joliat and Billy Boucher, the Canadiens once again reached the top in 1924, defeating both the Calgary Tigers (of the Western Canada Hockey League) and the Vancouver Maroons (of the PCHA) in a convoluted playoff format. In 1925, the Habs lost to the Victoria Cougars (now the Detroit Red Wings) in the last year of the old Western Hockey League challenging for the Stanley Cup. Detroit Red Wings The Canadiens lost goaltender Georges Vézina to tuberculosis in late 1925, and finished last in the league. The following season, the Canadiens signed a suitable replacement in George Hainsworth, who would win the newly created Vezina Trophy for best goaltender. Hainsworth would be the league's best goalie for the next few years. Generally, however, the Habs stumbled in the playoffs until they won their third Stanley Cup in 1930, defeating the seemingly invincible Boston Bruins. The "Flying Frenchmen" once again beat the regular-season champion Bruins in the 1931 playoffs, then beat the Ottawa Senators to win their fourth Cup.

1932 to 1966

Ottawa Senators The Canadiens' stars (Morenz and Joliat) faded out in the early 1930s, and they had the worst record in the league by the 1935-36 NHL season. Stunned by such a horrible performance, the NHL gave the Habs rights to all French Canadian players for two years. They had the second-best record in the NHL in 1936-37, but were stunned again by Morenz's death following a devastating hit by the Chicago Blackhawks' Earl Seibert. The Canadiens were once again mired in mediocrity for several more seasons, until a team led by the Punch Line of Maurice "Rocket" Richard, Toe Blake and Elmer Lach lifted the Cup again in 1944 after losing only five games in the regular season. 1944 In 1945, Richard made NHL history by becoming the first player to score 50 goals in one season, reaching the mark on the final night of the season. Despite their power, the Habs lost to the Toronto Maple Leafs in the semi-finals. The team was to be invigorated in the 1946 playoffs, winning their sixth Stanley Cup. In 1957, brothers Tom and Hartland Molson, owners of the Molson brewery, purchased the team. The 1950s were by far the most successful decade for the Canadiens, and it is believed by many that the Habs of this era were the best team in NHL history. Between 1951 and 1960, the Canadiens made the finals every year, winning six times (including a record five straight between 1956 and 1960). Toe Blake would become coach, and they added more of the league's great players such as Jean Béliveau, Dickie Moore, Doug Harvey, Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, goalie Jacques Plante (who, in 1959, became the first goalie to regularly wear a mask) and Maurice Richard's brother Henri. Henri Montréal fell into a state of unbridled love, if not obsession, with the Canadiens. At no time was this more evident than when Rocket Richard was suspended for the rest of the season in 1955 for striking an official in a game against the Detroit Red Wings. Montréalers rioted in the streets, causing millions of dollars in damage. The Canadiens had to forfeit the game, and went on to lose in the finals to the Red Wings. In 1956 the Canadiens established a farm team in Peterborough (now known as the Peterborough Petes), which is in the OHL (Ontario Hockey League). Despite Rocket Richard's retirement in 1960, the Canadiens looked ready to win a sixth straight Cup in 1961; but they were stunned in the playoffs by the Chicago Blackhawks in the semi-finals. The Canadiens continued to suffer (relative) playoff frustration until they won the Cup again in 1965, in Yvan Cournoyer's rookie season, and repeated in 1966. The following season, the Canadiens lost to the Maple Leafs in the Stanley Cup finals, the last time the two hated rivals met each other in the final round.

1967 to 1986

With expansion in 1968, the Canadiens handily defeated the fledgling St. Louis Blues in the finals during each of the next two seasons. The Canadiens missed out on a playoff spot in 1970 on the final day of the regular season, thanks to a tiebreaker (and since Toronto missed out as well, it meant the only time in NHL history no Canadian teams made the playoffs.) The Habs were back to their winning ways in 1971, defeating the Blackhawks to capture yet another Stanley Cup in goalie Ken Dryden's rookie season (starting a career where he would average an astonishing 2 goals allowed per game), in addition to long-time Leafs' star Frank Mahovlich's first in a Canadiens' uniform. After losing in the quarter-finals to the Bruins in 1972 (Guy Lafleur's rookie season), they would once again win the Cup over Chicago in 1973. The Canadiens were upset by the New York Rangers in the first round in 1974, and lost out to the Buffalo Sabres in the 1975 semi-finals. But in 1976, under the leadership of head coach Scotty Bowman, they set a record in the NHL by losing only eight games in an eighty game schedule and went on to win the Cup again, thwarting the Philadelphia Flyers' hopes for a third consecutive championship. The team was led by Lafleur (who was in the midst of six straight 50-goal seasons), Cournoyer, Steve Shutt, Pete Mahovlich and Larry Robinson. The Canadiens would then go on to win three more consecutive Cups to close out the 1970s. Most of the Canadiens' best players were retired or traded by the early 1980s (the major exceptions being Bob Gainey, Robinson, and Lafleur). They would, however, pick up star Swedish left winger Mats Naslund, as well as Guy Carbonneau in the early 1980s. By the 1985-86 NHL season, they once again had a top goalie in rookie Patrick Roy. Roy would lead the Canadiens to their only Stanley Cup of the decade that season, defeating the Calgary Flames.

1986 to Today

The Canadiens would continue to consistently perform through the early 1990s, winning another Cup in 1993 over the Los Angeles Kings. That season, they picked up scoring threat Vincent Damphousse from the Edmonton Oilers, in addition to having forwards Kirk Muller, Brian Bellows, and Stephan Lebeau - all four of whom scored more than 30 goals each during that season. By 1995, the Canadiens disintegrated and missed the playoffs for the first time in 25 years. The final straw came in December of that year, when Patrick Roy allowed nine goals against the Detroit Red Wings in one game and, after head coach Mario Tremblay pulled him from the goal well after the game was out of reach, Roy approached then team president Ronald Corey and told him, "I just played my last game in this town." Then he walked past Tremblay with a defiant look as he took his seat behind the bench. He was dealt to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Colorado Avalanche along with Mike Keane for Jocelyn Thibault, Andrei Kovalenko, and Martin Rucinsky. On March 11 1996, the Canadiens defeated the Dallas Stars 4-1 in the final game at the historic Montreal Forum. The team moved into the new Molson Centre (renamed the Bell Centre in 2003) the following Saturday. Despite solid players like Pierre Turgeon, Mark Recchi, Vladimir Malakhov, and Patrice Brisebois at various points in the late 1990s, the Canadiens would stumble and eventually miss the playoffs three straight seasons between 1999 and 2001. There was even small talk of the team moving, especially after American investor George N. Gillett Jr. was the team's only interested buyer when the Molson family sold it in 2001. In the fall of 2001, it was revealed that centre Saku Koivu, who had been with the team since 1995, had cancer and would miss the season. However, he came back and, along with the surprising strong play of goalie Jose Theodore, inspired the team for a run to the 2002 playoffs as the final seed in the Eastern Conference. They then upset the Bruins in the first round, but lost to the cinderella Carolina Hurricanes in the second round. On November 22, 2003, the Canadiens participated in the Heritage Classic, the first outdoor hockey game in the history of the NHL. They defeated the Oilers 4-3 in front of more than 55,000 fans – an NHL attendance record – at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton. The team seemed to turn a corner at that point, and finished the season in the 7th playoff seed with 93 points. The team would again play the Bruins in the playoffs. Coming back from a 3-1 deficit, the Canadiens would win the rest of the games, including a thrilling Game 7 in Boston, to again upset the Bruins. Sadly, however, the team would run into the future Cup winners, the Tampa Bay Lightning, and fall in a sweep. Tampa Bay LightningThe 2004 lockout prevented the Canadiens from gaining on the momentum of the 2004 season, but the team's future still looks bright. On July 22, 2005, the Canadiens were awarded the fifth position in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft to be held on July 30, 2005 in Ottawa, Canada. They used the fifth pick to draft goaltender Carey Price of the Tri-City Americans of the Western Hockey League. On September 19, prior to the start of the 2005-06 season, the Canadiens announced that they had adopted "Youppi!", the popular former Montréal Expos mascot who was left behind when the Expos moved to Washington. This is the first time the Canadiens have had a mascot in their 90+ year history. During the 2005 training camp & Pre-Season, the main story was arguably the performance of the team's 2nd round pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, right winger Guillaume Latendresse. The 18-years old Latendresse won over fans, media, teammates and team management alike, playing with skills and passion, on-level with veteran players and surpassing other rookies. Unfortunately, however, Latendresse was told he would not play with the Habs in 2005-06. He was sent back to the QMJHL on October 2, 2005. Other stories included elite Swiss defenseman Mark Streit's quest at making the NHL after spending 10 years in the Switzerland National League A with the ZSC Lions and the race for the backup goaltender position left vacant by the injured Cristobal Huet between Carey Price, NCAA Brown University alumni Yann Danis, and underdog journeyman Olivier Michaud.

The Future

Brown UniversityA major announcement about the one hundred year anniversary of Les Habs were made on October 2, 2005. On October 15 of that year, to begin the Canadiens' centennial countdown, it was announced that three more jersey numbers would be retired — Dickie Moore and Yvan Cournoyer's number 12 on November 12 before their game against the Toronto Maple Leafs, and the number 5 worn by Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion on March 11, 2006 prior to their contest against the New York Rangers, the other team he played for after a one-year retirement — the first since moving from Le Forum during a "Legends Night" ceremony, with one additional number to be hoisted to the rafters in each of the three following seasons. They also announced ambitious plans for their Centennial year of 2008-09, including plans to bid on hosting the World Junior Hockey Championships, the NHL Draft and the 2009 NHL All-Star Game, all to be held at Centre Bell, although it has been widely expected that the Phoenix Coyotes are scheduled to receive that honor because of the cancelled 2006 event due to the 2006 Winter Olympics.

Season-by-season record

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes, CQF = Conference Quarter Final, CSF = Conference Semi-Final, CF = Conference Final, DSF = Division Semi-Final, DF = Division Final, QF = Quarter Final, SF = Semi-Final, PR = Preliminary Round :¹ Season was cancelled due to the 2004-05 NHL lockout. :² Season was shortened due to the 1994-95 NHL lockout. :³ The 1919 Stanley Cup Final was suspended after five games due to the Spanish Flu pandemic.

Notable players

Current Roster

Active roster as of December 7, 2005 [http://tsn.ca/nhl/teams/roster/?hubname=nhl-canadiens]

Hall of Famers

- Jean Béliveau
- Hector "Toe" Blake
- Emile Bouchard
- Sprague Cleghorn
- Yvan Cournoyer
- Ken Dryden
- Bill Durnan
- Bob Gainey
- Herb Gardiner
- Bernard "Boom Boom" Geoffrion
- George Hainsworth
- Joe Hall
- Doug Harvey
- Aurel Joliat
- Tom Johnson
- Elmer Lach
- Guy Lafleur
- Newsy Lalonde
- Jacques Laperrière
- Guy Lapointe
- Jack Laviolette

- Jacques Lemaire
- Frank Mahovlich
- Joe Malone
- Sylvio Mantha
- Dickie Moore
- Howie Morenz
- Bud O'Connor
- Bert Olmstead
- Didier Pitre
- Jacques Plante
- Ken Reardon
- Maurice Richard
- Henri Richard
- Larry Robinson
- Denis Savard
- Serge Savard
- Steve Shutt
- Albert "Babe" Siebert
- Georges Vézina
- Lorne "Gump" Worsley

Team Captains

- Saku Koivu 1999-Present
- Vincent Damphousse 1996-99
- Pierre Turgeon 1995-Oct.1996
- Mike Keane 1995 (Apr.-Dec.)
- Kirk Muller 1994-95
- Guy Carbonneau 1990-94
- Guy Carbonneau and Chris Chelios (Co-Cap.) 1989-90
- Bob Gainey 1981-89
- Serge Savard 1979-81
- Yvan Cournoyer 1975-79
- Henri Richard 1971-75
- Jean Béliveau 1961-71
- Doug Harvey 1960-61
- Maurice "Rocket" Richard 1956-60
- Emile "Butch" Bouchard 1948-56
- Bill Durnan 1948 (Jan.-Apr.)

- Hector "Toe" Blake 1940-48
- Walter Buswell 1939-40
- Albert Babe Siebert 1936-39
- Sylvio Mantha 1933-36
- George Hainsworth 1932-33
- Sylvio Mantha 1926-32
- Billy Coutu 1925-26
- Sprague Cleghorn 1922-25
- Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde 1916-22
- Howard McNamara 1915-16
- James Henry "Jimmy" Gardner 1913-15
- Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde 1912-13
- Jean-Baptiste "Jack" Laviolette 1911-12
- Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde 1910-11
- Jean-Baptiste "Jack" Laviolette 1909-10

Not to be forgotten

- Ralph Backstrom
- Patrice Brisebois
- Odie Cleghorn
- Shayne Corson
- Wilf Cude
- John Ferguson
- Johnny Gagnon
- Glen Harmon
- Terry Harper
- Ted Harris
- Charlie Hodge
- Rejean Houle
- Michel Larocque
- Battleship Leduc
- Pit Lepine

- Pete Mahovlich
- Don Marshall
- Gerry McNeil
- Pierre Mondou
- Ken Mosdell
- Mats Naslund
- Chris Nilan
- Claude Provost
- Jim Roberts
- Bobby Rousseau
- Patrick Roy
- Jean-Guy Talbot
- J.C. Tremblay
- Mario Tremblay

Retired Numbers

- 1 Jacques Plante, G, 1952-63
- 2 Doug Harvey, D, 1947-61
- 4 Jean Béliveau, C, 1950-71 (Number was also worn by Aurel Joliat, LW, 1922-38)
- 5 Bernie "Boom-Boom" Geoffrion, RW, 1950-64 (to be retired on March 11, 2006)×
- 7 Howie Morenz, C, 1923-34 & 1936-37
- 9 Maurice Richard, RW, 1942-60
- 10 Guy Lafleur, RW, 1971-85
- 12 Dickie Moore, LW, 1951-63; and Yvan Cournoyer, RW, 1963-79
- 16 Henri Richard, C, 1955-75 (Number was also worn by Elmer Lach, C, 1940-54)
- 99 Wayne Gretzky (retired league-wide by the NHL)
- Although not a player, the Montreal Canadiens retired the Montreal Expos (1969-2004), paying tribute the the city's former MLB franchise. × — The announcement of this number's retirement was made on October 15, 2005. The following numbers have not been retired, but have gone some time since being worn:
- 6 Toe Blake, LW, 1935-48; Head Coach, 1955-68; last worn by Trent McCleary in 2000.
- 18 Serge Savard, D, 1967-81; General Manager, 1983-95; last worn by Valeri Bure in 1998.
- 19 Larry Robinson, D, 1972-89; has not been worn since he left.
- 23 Bob Gainey, LW, 1973-89; last worn by Francis Belanger in 2001.
- 29 Ken Dryden, G, 1971-79; last worn by Gino Odjick in 2002.
- 33 Patrick Roy, G, 1985-95; only Canadiens player ever to wear the number.

Infamous Players

- Billy Coutu: First player banned from the NHL for life
- Maurice Richard: Suspended remainder of season, resulting in a riot.

External links

- [http://www.canadiens.com/ Montréal Canadiens official web site]
- [http://www.habsworld.net/ HabsWorld :: World Wide Habs Fans Community]
- [http://www.habsblog.com/ Habs Blog] Category:Montreal Canadiens Category:Ice hockey in Canada ja:モントリオール・カナディアンズ

November 26

November 26 is the 330th day (331st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 35 days remaining.

Events

- 1778 - In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to visit Maui.
- 1805 - Official opening of Thomas Telford's Pontcysyllte Aqueduct.
- 1825 - At Union College in Schenectady, New York a group of college students form Kappa Alpha Society, the first college social fraternity.
- 1862 - Charles Dodgson (AKA Lewis Carroll) sends the handwritten manuscript of Alice's Adventures Underground to 10-year-old Alice Liddell.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Mine Run - Union forces under General George Meade position against troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
- 1865 - Battle of Papudo: The Spanish navy engages a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet north of Valparaiso, Chile.
- 1917 - The National Hockey League is formed, with the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators, Quebec Bulldogs, and Toronto Arenas as its first teams.
- 1918 - The Podgorica Assembly votes for "union of the people", declaring assimilation into the Kingdom of Serbia
- 1922 - Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon become the first people to enter the tomb of Egyptian King Tutankhamun in over 3000 years.
- 1922 - Toll of the Sea debuts as the first general release film to use two-tone Technicolor (The Gulf Between was the first film to do so but it was not widely distributed).
- 1939 - Shelling of Mainila: The Soviet Army orchestrates the incident which is used to justify the start of the Winter War with Finland four days later.
- 1941 - US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs a bill establishing the fourth Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day in the United States.
- 1941 - World War II: Attack on Pearl Harbor - A fleet of six aircraft carriers commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo leaves Hitokapu Bay for Pearl Harbor under strict radio silence.
- 1941 - World War II: The Hull note ultimatum is delivered to Japan by the United States.
- 1942 - The film Casablanca premieres at the Hollywood Theater in New York City.
- 1942 - World War II: Yugoslav Partisans convene the first meeting of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia at Bihać in northwestern Bosnia.
- 1949 - The Indian Constituent Assembly adopts India's constitution.
- 1950 - Korean War: Troops from the People's Republic of China move into North Korea and launch a massive counterattack against South Korean and American forces (Battle of Chosin Reservoir), ending any hopes of a quick end to the conflict.
- 1965 - In the Hammaguira launch facility in the Sahara Desert, France launches a Diamant-A rocket with its first satellite, Asterix-1 on board, becoming the third country to enter space.
- 1968 - Vietnam War: United States Air Force helicopter pilot James P. Fleming rescues an Army Special Forces unit pinned down by Viet Cong fire and is later awarded the Medal of Honor.
- 1968 - British rock band Cream play their farewell concert at the Royal Albert Hall.
- 1970 - In Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 1.5 inches (38.1mm) of rain fall in a minute, the heaviest rainfall ever on record.
- 1976 - The Band play their final concert, dubbed The Last Waltz. One of the guest performers is Eric Clapton, whose band Cream also played their farewell concert on November 26, 8 years earlier.
- 1977 - 'Vrillon', representative of the 'Ashtar Galactic Command', takes over Britain's Southern Television for five minutes at 5:12 PM.
- 1983 - Brinks Mat robbery: In London, 6,800 gold bars worth nearly £26 million are taken from the Brinks Mat vault at Heathrow Airport
- 1985 - US President Ronald Reagan signs over rights to his autobiography to Random House for a record US$3 million.
- 1986 - Iran-Contra scandal: US President Ronald Reagan announces the members of what will become known as the Tower Commission.
- 1986 - The New Yorker publishes Susan Sontag's AIDS short story, "The Way We Live Now"
- 1998 - Tony Blair becomes the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to address the Republic of Ireland's parliament.
- 2003 - Last flight of Concorde.

Births

- 1288 - Emperor Go-Daigo of Japan (d. 1339)
- 1436 - Princess Catherine of Portugal, writer (d. 1463)
- 1607 - John Harvard, English-born clergyman (d. 1638)
- 1609 - Henry Dunster, English president of Harvard College (d. 1659)
- 1657 - William Derham, English minister and writer d. 1735)
- 1678 - Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan, French geophysicist (d. 1771)
- 1703 - Theophilus Cibber, English actor and writer (d. 1758)
- 1792 - Sarah Grimke, American abolitionist and feminist (d. 1873)
- 1832 - Mary Edwards Walker, American feminist physician (d. 1919)
- 1832 - Karl Rudolf König, German physicist (d. 1901)
- 1847 - Maria Fyodorovna, Princess of Denmark and Empress of Russia (d. 1928)
- 1864 - Edward Higgins, British Salvation Army General (d. 1947)
- 1869 - Maud, Queen of Norway (d. 1938)
- 1876 - Willis Carrier, American engineer and inventor (d. 1950)
- 1877 - Alfred Cortot, Swiss pianist (d. 1962)
- 1885 - Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1970)
- 1889 - Albert Dieudonné, French actor, screenwriter and novelist (d. 1976)
- 1894 - Norbert Wiener, American mathematician and founder of Cybernetics (d. 1964)
- 1898 - Karl Ziegler, German chemist, Nobel Prize laurete (d. 1973)
- 1899 - Bruno Hauptmann, German kidnapper of Charles Lindbergh III (d. 1936)
- 1905 - Bob Johnson, American baseball player (d. 1982)
- 1910 - Cyril Cusack, Irish actor (d. 1993)
- 1909 - Eugène Ionesco, Romanian-born playwright (d. 1994)
- 1912 - Eric Sevareid, American journalist (d. 1992)
- 1915 - Earl Wild, American pianist
- 1922 - Charles M. Schulz, American cartoonist (d. 2000)
- 1924 - George Segal, American Pop Sculptor (d. 2000)
- 1925 - Eugene Istomin, American pianist (d. 2003)
- 1927 - Ernie Coombs, American born children's entertainer (d. 2001)
- 1931 - Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Argentine activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1933 - Robert Goulet, American singer and actor
- 1937 - Boris Yegorov, Soviet cosmonaut
- 1938 - Porter J. Goss, American politician and Central Intelligence Agency director
- 1938 - Rich Little, Canadian comedian and actor
- 1939 - Tina Turner, American singer and actress
- 1939 - Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia
- 1943 - Bruce Paltrow, American producer and director (d. 2002)
- 1945 - Daniel Davis, American actor
- 1945 - John McVie, British musician (Fleetwood Mac)
- 1946 - Art Shell, American football player and coach
- 1947 - Susanne Zenor, American actress
- 1948 - Krešimir Ćosić, Croatian basketball player (d. 1995)
- 1949 - Vincent A. Mahler, Political Scientist and professor at Loyola University Chicago
- 1949 - Juanin Clay, American actress (d. 1995)
- 1951 - Cicciolina, Italian actress and politician
- 1953 - Harry Carson, American football player
- 1956 - Dale Jarrett, American race car driver
- 1969 - Shawn Kemp, American basketball player
- 1970 - Dave Hughes, Australian comedian
- 1971 - Ronald "Winky" Wright, American boxer
- 1972 - Arjun Rampal, Indian actor
- 1974 - Ajay Mehra, Indian columnist (Writer of Pubhop in Bangalore Weekly)
- 1976 - Maven Huffman, American professional wrestler
- 1981 - Aurora Snow, American actress
- 1981 - Stephan Andersen, Danish international footballer
- 1981 - Natasha Bedingfield, British singer
- 1985 - Lil' Fizz, American singer

Deaths

- 399 - Pope Siricius
- 1252 - Blanche of Castile, Queen of Louis VIII of France (b. 1188)
- 1326 - Hugh the younger Despenser, English knight (b. 1286)
- 1504 - Queen Isabella I of Castile (b. 1451)
- 1621 - Radulph Agas, English surveyor
- 1639 - John Spottiswoode, Scottish historian (b. 1565)
- 1651 - Henry Ireton, English Civil War general (b. 1611)
- 1688 - Philippe Quinault, French writer (b. 1635)
- 1689 - Marquard Gude, German archaeologist (b. 1635)
- 1717 - Daniel Purcell, British composer (b. 1664)
- 1719 - John Hudson, British classical scholar (b. 1662)
- 1780 - Sir James Denham Steuart, British economist (b. 1712)
- 1836 - John MacAdam, British road builder (b. 1756)
- 1851 - Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, French marshal (b. 1769)
- 1855 - Adam Mickiewicz, Polish poet (b. 1798)
- 1857 - Joseph von Eichendorff, German poet (b. 1788)
- 1876 - Karl Ernst von Baer, German biologist (b. 1792)
- 1896 - Emil du Bois-Reymond, German physician (b. 1818)
- 1896 - Coventry Patmore, British poet (b. 1823)
- 1952 - Sven Hedin, Swedish explorer (b. 1865)
- 1956 - Tommy Dorsey, American bandleader (b. 1905)
- 1959 - Albert Ketèlbey, British composer (b. 1875)
- 1962 - Albert Sarraut, French politician (b. 1872)
- 1963 - Amelita Galli-Curci, Italian soprano (b. 1882)
- 1981 - Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (b. 1901)
- 1996 - Michael Bentine, British comedian (b. 1922)
- 2002 - Verne Winchell, American doughnut entrepreneur
- 2003 - Soulja Slim, American rapper (shot) (b. 1978)
- 2003 - Stefan Wul, French writer (b. 1922)
- 2005 - Stan Berenstain,Childrens Author (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances

- R.C. saints - Pope Siricius; celebration of the excellence of Saint Genevieve in Paris.
- Also see November 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Bahá'í Faith: Day of the Covenant
- Mongolia: Independence Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/26 BBC: On This Day]
- World : [http://www.adbusters.org/metas/eco/bnd/ Buy Nothing Day] ---- November 25 - November 27 - October 26 - December 26 -- listing of all days ko:11월 26일 ms:26 November ja:11月26日 simple:November 26 th:26 พฤศจิกายน

National Hockey Association

The National Hockey Association (1909 - November 22, 1917) was a professional ice hockey organization with teams in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. It originated from the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association which dates back to 1906. The ECAHA in turn originates from the Canadian Amateur Hockey League which originates from the first "professional" Ice Hockey league, the Amateur Hockey Association which was created in 1893. The NHA was a forerunner of the National Hockey League. The following were the NHA teams and their year of inception:
- Cobalt Silver Kings: 1909-10
- Haileybury Hockey Club: 1909-10
- Montreal Wanderers: 1909-10
- Montreal Canadiens: 1909-10
- Montreal Shamrocks: 1909-10
- Ottawa Senators: 1909-10
- Quebec Bulldogs: 1910-11
- Renfrew Creamery Kings: 1909-10
- Toronto Ontarios: 1913-14
- Toronto Tecumsehs: 1912-13
- Toronto 228th Battalion: 1916-17
- Toronto Blueshirts: 1912-17
- Toronto Ontario - Shamrocks: 1914-15

Champions

- 1909-10: Montreal Wanderers
- 1910-11: Ottawa
- 1911-12: Quebec
- 1912-13: Quebec
- 1913-14: Toronto Blueshirts
- 1914-15: Ottawa
- 1915-16: Montreal Canadiens
- 1916-17: Montreal Canadiens

December 19

December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 12 days remaining.

Events

- 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- 1187 - Pope Clement III elected
- 1732 - Benjamin Franklin publishes Poor Richard's Almanack
- 1777 - George Washington's army goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
- 1828 - John C. Calhoun pens South Carolina Exposition and Protest, protesting the Tariff of 1828.
- 1835 - Toledo Blade newspaper begins publishing.
- 1842 - United States recognizes the independence of Hawaii
- 1912 - William H. Van Schaick, captain of the steamship General Slocum which killed over 1,000 people was pardoned by President Taft after 3 1/2 years in Sing Sing prison .
- 1916 - The Battle of Verdun ended.
- 1928 - First autogiro flight in the United States
- 1945 - Austria becomes a republic for the second time, the first having been founded in 1918 and interrupted by the Austro-fascist dictatorship from 1934 onwards and the Nazi invasion of Austria in 1938.
- 1946 - Ho Chi Minh attacks French in Hanoi
- 1961 - The Indian Army invades the Portuguese province of Estado da India Portuguesa (Portuguese State of India) which will become part of India.
- 1962 - Nyasaland secedes from Rhodesia and Nyasaland
- 1963 - Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom to become a constitutional monarchy under the sultan.
- 1965 - Prisoners Ronald Ryan and Peter Walker escape from Pentridge Prison, Melbourne. During the escape a guard is killed. Ryan would hang for his death, in 1967.
- 1972 - Apollo 17, the last manned lunar flight, returns to Earth.
- 1974 - Australian Prime Minister, Harold Holt is pronounced dead.
- 1974 - The Altair 8800, the first personal computer, goes on sale
- 1978 - John Wayne Gacy is arrested for the killings of 33 boys and young men
- 1980 - Anguilla is made a dependency of the United Kingdom separate from Saint Kitts and Nevis
- 1982 - In Venezuela, the storage tanks of an oil-fired power plant catches fire killing 154 people.
- 1984 - The United Kingdom and People's Republic of China sign the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which handed Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.
- 1988 - Lawn darts are banned from sale in the United States.
- 1997 - A Silkair Boeing 737-300 crashes into the Musi River, in Sumatra, Indonesia killing 104
- 1997 - Titanic (the highest-grossing movie ever as of 2005) opens in U.S. theaters.
- 1998 - The U.S. House of Representatives passes articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton over the Lewinsky scandal.
- 2000 - The Leninist Guerrilla Units attack a party office of the far-right MHP in Istanbul, Turkey. One MHP member is killed and several wounded.
- 2001 - The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, the first film in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, opens in theaters.
- 2001 - A new world-record high barometric pressure of 1085.6 hPa (32.06 inHg) is set at Tosontsengel, Hövsgöl Aymag, Mongolia.
- 2001 - The Argentine economic crisis burst into street riots after the announcement by the economy minister of the measures of holding back the bank deposits.

Births

- 1554 - Philip William, Prince of Orange (d. 1618)
- 1683 - King Philip V of Spain (d. 1746)
- 1699 - William Bowyer, English printer (d. 1777)
- 1714 - John Winthrop, American astronomer (d. 1779)
- 1813 - Thomas Andrews, Irish chemist (d. 1885)
- 1852 - Albert Abraham Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)
- 1865 - Minnie Maddern Fiske, American actress (d. 1932)
- 1885 - Joe "King" Oliver, American musician (d. 1938)
- 1888 - Fritz Reiner, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)
- 1894 - Ford Frick, baseball commissioner (d. 1978)
- 1901 - Rudolf Hell, German inventor (d. 2002)
- 1903 - George Davis Snell, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1996)
- 1906 - Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet politician (d. 1982)
- 1907 - Jimmy McLarnin, Irish boxer (d. 2004)
- 1910 - Jean Genet, French writer (d. 1986)
- 1915 - Edith Piaf, French singer and actress (d. 1963)
- 1918 - Professor Longhair, American musician (d. 1980)
- 1923 - Gordon Jackson, Scottish actor (d. 1990)
- 1925 - Tankred Dorst, German dramatist
- 1927 - James Booth, English actor and writer (d. 2005)
- 1929 - Bob Brookmeyer, American musician
- 1933 - Cicely Tyson, American actress
- 1934 - Al Kaline, baseball player
- 1935 - Bobby Timmons, American jazz pianist (d. 1974)
- 1940 - Phil Ochs, American singer and songwriter (d. 1976)
- 1941 - Maurice White, American musician
- 1944 - Richard Leakey, British anthropologist
- 1944 - Alvin Lee, English musician
- 1946 - Stan Smith, American tennis player
- 1946 - Robert Urich, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1960 - Mike Lookinland, American actor
- 1961 - Eric Allin Cornell, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1961 - Matthew Waterhouse, British actor
- 1961 - Reggie White, American football player (d. 2004)
- 1963 - Jennifer Beals, American actress
- 1964 - Arvydas Sabonis, Lithuanian basketball player
- 1965 - Chito Martinez, Belizean baseball player
- 1969 - Kristy Swanson, American actress
- 1971 - Tiffany Towers, Canadian actress
- 1972 - Alyssa Milano, American actress
- 1972 - Warren Sapp, American football player
- 1974 - Jake Plummer, American football player
- 1974 - Ricky Ponting, Australian cricketer
- 1975 - Olivier Tebily, Ivory Coast footballer
- 1980 - Jake Gyllenhaal, American actor
- 1980 - Marla Sokoloff, American actress
- 1988 - George Sarell, British musician
- 1989 - Dario, the bahii

Deaths

- 401 - Pope Anastasius I
- 1075 - Edith of Wessex, queen of Edward the Confessor of England
- 1327 - Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy
- 1370 - Pope Urban V (b. 1310)
- 1737 - James Sobieski, Crown Prince of Poland (b. 1667)
- 1741 - Vitus Bering, Danish-born explorer (b. 1681)
- 1745 - Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (b. 1684)
- 1749 - Francesco Antonio Bonporti, Italian priest and composer (b. 1672)
- 1751 - Louise of Great Britain, queen of Frederick V of Denmark (b. 1724)
- 1807 - Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm, German writer (b. 1723)
- 1819 - Sir Thomas Fremantle, English naval officer and politician (b. 1765)
- 1848 - Emily Brontë, English author (b. 1818)
- 1915 - Alois Alzheimer, German neuroscientist (b. 1864)
- 1932 - Yoon Bong-Gil, Korean resister against Japanese occupation (executed) (b. 1908)
- 1939 - Hans Langsdorff, German naval officer (b. 1894)
- 1953 - Robert Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- 1967 - Harold Holt, seventeenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
- 1968 - Norman Thomas, American socialist (b. 1884)
- 1989 - Stella Gibbons, English author (b. 1902)
- 1996 - Marcello Mastroianni, Italian actor (b. 1924)
- 1999 - Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (b. 1914)
- 2003 - Peter Carter-Ruck, British lawyer
- 2003 - Hope Lange, American actress (b. 1941)
- 2004 - Herbert C. Brown, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
- 2004 - Renata Tebaldi, Italian soprano (b. 1922)

Holidays and observances

- Feast of Saint Boniface
- National Unity Day, declared in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter in honor of the American hostages being held in Tehran, Iran

Fictional Events

- 2003 - the events of the fictional docu-drama The Day Britain Stopped take place.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/19 BBC: On This Day] ---- December 18 - December 20 - November 19 - January 19 -- listing of all days ko:12월 19일 ms:19 Disember ja:12月19日 simple:December 19 th:19 ธันวาคม

National Hockey League

, the trophy awarded to its champion.]] The National Hockey League (NHL) is a professional sports organization composed of hockey teams in the United States and Canada, where it is also known by its French name, Ligue Nationale de Hockey (LNH). It is generally regarded as the premier professional ice hockey league in the world. The NHL is often listed as one of the major professional sports leagues of North America.

History

The beginnings to The Original Six

The National Hockey League was founded in 1917 after a series of disputes within the (Canadian) National Hockey Association (NHA). The first NHL season began in 1917-18 with five teams. 1917-18 The primary conflict involved Toronto Blueshirts' owner Edward J. Livingstone. An ongoing source of controversy among fellow NHA owners, he was often accused of exploiting loopholes in league regulations to create what some viewed as unfair advantages, and had particularly incited the wrath of owners when he merged his two Toronto teams (the Ontarios and the Blueshirts) after the latter had been deprived of its top players. Livingstone sometimes offered contracts to other teams' members not to play hockey, and once campaigned to kick the Montreal Wanderers out of the league after the team tried to lure two of his top Blueshirts players. Throughout his battles with owners, Livingstone repeatedly threatened to start a rival league in the United States. In its final season (1916-17), the National Hockey Association was comprised of six teams: The Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators, Quebec Bulldogs, Toronto Blueshirts, and an army team from the Toronto-based 228th Battalion. Owners met in Montreal to consider the league's future on February 11, 1917, a day after members of the 228th Battalion, the most popular NHA team, were called into World War I action. Livingstone, unable to attend the meeting because of illness, was shocked to learn that owners had chosen to effectively eject him and the Blueshirts from the NHA. After the resignation of NHA president and Livingstone ally Frank Robinson, Livingstone stopped attending league meetings and sent a lawyer to represent his interests. When owners convened on September 29, 1917, they demanded that Livingstone sell the Blueshirts within five days. Livingstone then negotiated a deal in which the Toronto Arena Gardens would take control of the Blueshirts' daily business, with Livingstone to eventually regain control if the NHA continued operations. In response, NHA owners met at Montreal's Windsor Hotel on November 26, 1917, and formed the National Hockey League, with the Canadiens, Wanderers, Senators, Bulldogs and newly-renamed Toronto Arenas as founding members. The NHL endured a rocky inaugural season in 1917-18, starting with the temporary shuttering of the Bulldogs. On January 2, 1918, the Westmount Arena in Montreal, home to the Wanderers and Canadiens, was destroyed in a fire. The Wanderers, already a shadow of its former self, folded in the wake of the fire, ending one of the most storied franchises in the early years of Canadian professional hockey. With the Bulldogs and Wanderers out, the NHL operated with just three teams for the remainder of its opening year, and through the second season. Though Livingstone had been shut out, one of his NHA ideas — a proposal for a split regular season — was adopted by the new league and integrated into its playoff system. The Toronto Arenas became the first NHL winner of the Stanley Cup, the annual trophy awarded since 1893 to the Canadian hockey champion. A furious Livingstone, meanwhile, failed in his attempt to collect a share of profits from the Arenas, then sued the team and the NHL. The dispute lingered through the 1930s, with the Arenas since renamed the Toronto St. Patricks and ultimately the Toronto Maple Leafs. History has looked back on Livingstone and the NHL's formation with a sense of irony: The man whom league owners had worked so hard to exclude was, in the words of Canadiens owner George Kennedy, the same figure that "made [the NHL] a real league". Though the league struggled to stay in business during its first decade, NHL teams were quite successful on the ice, winning the Stanley Cup seven out of its first nine years. (The 1918-19 competition was cancelled because of the Spanish Flu epidemic that had hit Seattle). By 1926, having increased player salaries to a level that couldn't be matched by other Canadian leagues, the NHL was alone in Stanley Cup competition. The league had also expanded into the United States, with the Boston Bruins in 1924, the New York Americans and the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1925 and the New York Rangers, Detroit Cougars (later to become the Red Wings), and Chicago Blackhawks in 1926. By the end of the 1930-31 season, the NHL featured a total of 10 teams. However, the Great Depression took a toll on the league; teams such as the Pirates and the Americans folded, and even the fabled Ottawa Senators were forced to fold after moving to St. Louis because of financial difficulties. With these developments and the onset of World War II, the NHL was reduced to six teams during its 25th anniversary year of (1942) – six teams still known today, if somewhat inaccurately, as the Original Six: The Canadiens, Maple Leafs, Red Wings, Bruins, Rangers, and Blackhawks. World War II had provided many players their first chance to play professional hockey, but after the war, many found themselves relegated to minor leagues.

Expansion: 1967 and beyond

Minor leagues, especially in the western United States, often fielded teams that arguably could have defeated Stanley Cup champions. The rise of the Western Hockey League, which many pundits thought planned to transform into a major league and challenge for the Stanley Cup, spurred the NHL in 1967 to undertake its first expansion since the 1920s. Six new teams were added to the NHL roster, and placed in their own newly-created division. They were the Philadelphia Flyers, St. Louis Blues, Minnesota North Stars, Los Angeles Kings, Oakland Seals, and Pittsburgh Penguins. Three years later, the NHL added the Vancouver Canucks and Buffalo Sabres as franchises. In 1972, the World Hockey Association (WHA) was formed. Though it never challenged for the Stanley Cup, its status as a viable NHL rival was unquestionable. In response to that, the NHL decided to rush its own expansion plans by adding the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames that year, along with the Kansas City Scouts and Washington Capitals two years later. The dilution of the talent pool, however, caused the overall quality of play to suffer. The two leagues fought for the services of hockey players and fans until the WHA folded in 1979. Four of the remaining six WHA teams merged with the NHL: The Hartford Whalers, Québec Nordiques, Edmonton Oilers, and Winnipeg Jets. As of 2005, the Oilers are the last remaining original WHA franchise still playing in the city where they began in the NHL.

Labour Issues

There have been three work stoppages in NHL history, all happening between 1992 and 2005. The first was a strike by the National Hockey League Players Association in April 1992 which lasted for 10 days, but the strike was settled quickly and all affected games were rescheduled. A lockout at the start of the 1994-95 forced the league to reduce the schedule from 84 games to just 48, with the teams playing only intra-conference games during the reduced season. The resulting collective bargaining agreement was set for renegotiation in 1998 and extended to September 15, 2004. Negotiations to replace the contract that expired in 2004 turned into one of the most contentious collective bargaining sessions in the history of professional sports. The league vowed to install what it dubbed "cost certainty" for its teams, but the National Hockey League Players Association countered that the move was little more than a euphemism for a salary cap, which the union initially said it would not accept. With no new agreement in hand when the existing contract expired on September 15, 2004, league commissioner Gary Bettman announced a lockout of the players union and cessation of operations by the NHL head office, causing the NHL to lose an entire season. A new collective bargaining agreement was ratified in July 2005 with a term of six years with an option of extending the collective bargaining agreement for an additional year at the end of the term, allowing the NHL to resume as of the 2005-06 season.

Post Lockout

On October 5, 2005, the first post-lockout NHL season got under way with 15 games. Of those 15 games, 11 were in front of sell out crowds. The NHL, despite negative press generated during the lockout, has success attracting fans to the initial games of the season and extends fan bases into non-traditional markets in the US such as Nashville, Atlanta, and the Carolinas.

Trophies and awards

2005]] The National Hockey League also presents numerous trophies, in addition to the Stanley Cup for the overall playoff champion, as well as the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl for the Western Conference playoff champions and the Prince of Wales Trophy for the Eastern Conference playoff champions. They include:
- Art Ross Memorial Trophy (1948 - present) -- regular season league scoring champion
- Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy (1968 - present) -- perseverance and sportsmanship
- Calder Memorial Trophy (1933 - present) -- rookie of the year
- Conn Smythe Trophy (1965 - present) -- most valuable player during the playoffs
- Frank J. Selke Trophy (1978 - present) -- top defensive forward
- Hart Memorial Trophy (1924 - present) -- most valuable player during the regular season
- Jack Adams Award (1974 - present) -- coach of the year
- James Norris Memorial Trophy (1954 - present)-- most outstanding defenceman
- King Clancy Memorial Trophy (1988 - present) -- leadership and humanitarian contribution
- Lady Byng Memorial Trophy (1925 - present) -- player combining ability and sportsmanship
- Lester B. Pearson Award (1971 - present) -- most outstanding player as selected by peers
- Maurice 'Rocket' Richard Trophy (1999 - present) -- to the goal-scoring leader during the regular season
- NHL Plus/Minus Award (1968 - present) -- highest plus/minus statistic
- Presidents' Trophy (1986 - present) - best regular season by a team
- Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award (2000 - present) -- best save percentage by a goalkeeper
- Vezina Trophy (1927 - present) -- voted to be the most outstanding goaltender
- William M. Jennings Trophy (1982 - present) -- goalkeeper(s) for the team with the fewest goals against The O'Brien Trophy was awarded in the NHL before it was retired following the 1949-50 NHL season. The Lester Patrick Trophy has been presented by the National Hockey League since 1966 to honour a recipient's contribution to hockey in the United States. Three years after retirement, players are eligible to be voted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. In the past, if a player was deemed significant enough, the pending period would be waived. However, only 10 individual have been honoured in this manner. In 1999 Wayne Gretzky became the last player to have the three years waived. After Gretzky's induction, the NHL declared that he would be the last one to have the waiting period omitted. The Pearson Award is the only award named after a politician.

Current organization

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Structure

Each team in the NHL plays 82 regular season games, 41 games at home and 41 on the road. Teams used to play all other teams in the league at least once, but this will no longer be the case following implementation of post-lockout changes. Teams will now play 10 interconference (that is, not in their own conference) games throughout the entire season, 1 game against each team in two of the three divisions in the opposite conference. On an observational basis, it seems as if these interconference games are being block-scheduled in two different blocks (much like baseball does with interleague play. Teams will also play 40 games against non-divisional, conference opponents (4 games against each), and 32 games within their division (8 games against each). Two points are awarded for wins, one point for losing in overtime or a shootout, and zero points for a loss in regulation time. At the end of the regular season, the team that finishes with the most points in each division is crowned the division champion. Each Conference consists of three divisions, so these three division champions and five more teams fill out each Conference's playoff field. In total, 16 teams (3 division champions and 5 additional teams, for a total of 8 from each Conference) qualify for the Stanley Cup Playoffs. The Stanley Cup Playoffs is an elimination tournament, where two teams battle to win a best-of-seven series in order to advance to the next round. If the score is tied at the end of the third period an overtime period is played. If the score is tied at the end of an overtime period, additional overtime periods are played until a winner is determined. Overtimes are also full periods of twenty minutes (of five-on-five hockey), rather than the five minutes (of four-on-four hockey, followed by a shootout) in the regular season. The overtime is played with golden goal rule (sudden death) so the game ends as soon as either team scores a goal. The higher-ranked team is said to be the team with the home-ice advantage. Four of the seven games are played at this team's home venue - the first and second, and, where necessary, the fifth and seventh, with the other games played at the lower-ranked team's home venue. The most recent playoff that was contested in the NHL used the following format: the division winners were seeded one through three, and then the next five teams with the best records in the conference were seeded four through eight. However, the league has yet to announce the playoff format for the 2005-06 season, and with the new scheduling format that emphasises division play, the league is reportedly exploring placing greater emphasis on division standings by taking the top 2 teams in each division, along with the teams with the next two best records for each Conference's playoff field. In the event of a tie in points in the standings, ties are broken first by amount of wins, then by record against the team that is tied (disregarding the first game played at the arena of the team that hosted more games than the other during the season series, if applicable). Next, the tied team with the better positive differential between goals scored for and against is given preference, and in the rare circumstance these tiebreakers are insufficient, the Commissioner has the authority to devise some other means of breaking the tie. The first round of the playoffs, or Conference Quarterfinals, consists of the first seed playing the eighth seed, the second playing the seventh, third playing the sixth, and the fourth playing the fifth. In the second round, or Conference Semifinals, the NHL re-seeds (unlike the NBA), with the top remaining Conference seed playing against the lowest remaining seed, and the other two remaining conference teams pairing off. In the third round, the Conference Finals, the two remaining teams in each conference play each other, with the Conference champions proceeding to the Stanley Cup Finals.

Presidents/Commissioners of the NHL

- Frank Calder (1917-1943) President
- Red Dutton (1943-1946) President
- Clarence Campbell (1946-1977) President
- John Ziegler (1977-1992) President
- Gil Stein (1992-1993) President
- Gary Bettman (1993-present) Commissioner

External links

- [http://www.nhl.com NHL's homepage]
- [http://www.nhlfa.com National Hockey League Fan's Association homepage]
- [http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/nhl1927.html Standings and Statistics, 1917-now]
- [http://www.gridmarks.com/nhl.html NHL Rankings]
- [http://www.NHLReplay.com NHL Discussion Boards] ja:NHL simple:National Hockey League

March 22

March 22 is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (82nd in Leap years). There are 284 days remaining.

Events

- 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperors.
- 1621 - The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.
- 1622 - Jamestown massacre: Algonquian Indians kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia, a third of the colony's population.
- 1630 - Massachusetts Bay Colony outlaws the possession of cards, dice, and gaming tables.
- 1638 - Anne Hutchinson is expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony for religious dissent.
- 1765 - The British Parliament passes the Stamp Act, the first direct tax levied from England on the American colonies.
- 1809 - Charles XIII succeeds Gustav IV Adolf to the Swedish throne.
- 1849 - The Austrians defeat the Piedmontese at the Battle of Novara.
- 1871 - In North Carolina, William Woods Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.
- 1888 - The Football League is formed.
- 1894 - The first playoff game for the Stanley Cup starts.
- 1895 - First display (a private screening) of motion pictures by Auguste and Louis Lumière.
- 1933 - President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs into law a bill legalizing the sale of beer and wine.
- 1939 - World War II: Germany takes Memel from Lithuania.
- 1941 - Washington's Grand Coulee Dam begins to generate electricity.
- 1942 - World War II: In the Mediterranean sea, Regia Marina defeats Royal Navy in the Second Battle of Sirte.
- 1945 - The Arab League is founded when a charter is adopted in Cairo, Egypt.
- 1954 - Closed since 1939, the London bullion market reopens.
- 1958 - Faisal becomes King of Saudi Arabia.
- 1960 - Arthur Leonard Schawlow & Charles Townes receive the first patent for a laser.
- 1963 Please Please Me, the first Beatles album, is released in the UK.
- 1965 - Bob Dylan "goes electric," releasing his first album featuring electric instruments, Bringing It All Back Home.
- 1975 - A fire at the Brown's Ferry nuclear reactor in Decatur, Alabama causes dangerous lowering of cooling water levels.
- 1975 - In Stockholm, Sweden, Teach-In wins the twentieth Eurovision Song Contest for the Netherlands singing "Ding-a-dong."
- 1978 - Karl Wallenda of the Flying Wallendas dies after falling off a tight-rope between two hotels in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
- 1984 - Teachers at the McMartin preschool in Manhattan Beach, California are charged with Satanic ritual abuse of the children in the school. The charges are later dropped as completely unfounded.
- 1989 - Fawn Hall, Oliver North's former secretary, begins two days of testimony at North's Iran-Contra trial in Washington.
- 1993 - The Intel Corporation ships the first Pentium chips (80586), featuring a 60 MHz clock speed, 100+ MIPS, and a 64 bit data path.
- 1995 - Cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov returns after setting a record for 438 days in space.
- 1997 - Tara Lipinski, age 14 years and 10 months, becomes the youngest champion of the women's world figure skating competition.
- 2005 - Pat Summitt, coach of the University of Tennessee Lady Vols (women's college basketball), becomes the all-time leader in victories for both men's and women's college basketball, getting her 880th win as coach of the team.

Births

- 1212 - Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (d. 1234)
- 1366 - Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (d. 1399)
- 1459 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1519)
- 1503 - Antonio Francesco Grazzini, Italian writer (d. 1583)
- 1599 - Anthony van Dyck, Flemish painter (d. 1641)
- 1609 - King John II Casimir of Poland (d. 1672)
- 1663 - August Hermann Francke, German protestant minister (d. 1727)
- 1712 - Edward Moore, English writer (d. 1757)
- 1720 - Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect (d. 1799)
- 1723 - Charles Carroll, American lawyer and delegate to the Continental Congress (d. 1783)
- 1797 - King Wilhelm I of Germany (d. 1888)
- 1812 - Stephen Pearl Andrews, abolitionist (d. 1886)
- 1817 - Bahá'u'lláh, Persian prophet of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1892)
- 1817 - Braxton Bragg, American Confederate general (d. 1876)
- 1860 - Alfred Ploetz, German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d. 1940)
- 1868 - Robert Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
- 1878 - Michel Théato, Luxembourg athlete (d. 1919)
- 1887 - Chico Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1961)
- 1901 - Greta Kempton, American artist (d. 1991)
- 1907 - Lucia dos Santos, Portuguese nun (d. 2005)
- 1908 - Louis L'Amour, American author (d. 1988)
- 1909 - Gabrielle Roy, Canadian author (d. 1983)
- 1912 - Wilfrid Brambell, Irish actor (d. 1985)
- 1912 - Karl Malden, American actor
- 1913 - Tom McCall, Governor of Oregon (d. 1983)
- 1915 - Georgiy Zhzhonov, Russian actor and writer
- 1918 - Cheddi Jagan, President of Guyana (d. 1997)
- 1920 - Werner Klemperer, German actor (d. 2000)
- 1920 - Ross Martin, Polish-American actor (d. 1981)
- 1924 - Allen Neuharth, American businessman and writer
- 1923 - Marcel Marceau, French mime
- 1928 - Carrie Donovan, American fashion editor (d. 2001)
- 1928 - Ed Macauley, American basketball player
- 1930 - Derek Bok, American lawyer and educator
- 1930 - Pat Robertson, American televangelist
- 1930 - Stephen Sondheim, American composer and lyricist
- 1931 - Burton Richter, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1931 - William Shatner, Canadian actor
- 1933 - May Britt, Swedish actress
- 1933 - Abolhassan Banisadr, President of Iran
- 1934 - Orrin Hatch, U.S. Senator from Utah
- 1935 - M. Emmet Walsh, American actor
- 1936 - Ron Carey, labor leader
- 1936 - Roger Whittaker, British singer
- 1937 - Armin Hary, German athlete
- 1940 - Haing S. Ngor, Cambodian actor (d. 1996)
- 1941 - Jeremy Clyde, British actor and singer
- 1941 - Bruno Ganz, Swiss actor
- 1943 - George Benson, American musician
- 1943 - Keith Relf, British musician (The Yardbirds) (d. 1976)
- 1946 - Rudy Rucker, American author
- 1948 - Wolf Blitzer, American television journalist
- 1948 - Andrew Lloyd Webber, British composer
- 1949 - Fanny Ardant, French actress
- 1952 - Bob Costas, American sports commentator and talk show host
- 1955 - Pete Sessions, American politician
- 1956 - Lena Olin, Swedish actress
- 1957 - Stephanie Mills, American actress, singer
- 1959 - Matthew Modine, American actor
- 1966 - Artis Pabriks, Latvian Minister of Foreign Affairs
- 1967 - Mario Cipollini, Italian cyclist
- 1970 - Leontien van Moorsel, Dutch cyclist
- 1972 - Shawn Bradley, American basketball player
- 1972 - Elvis Stojko, Canadian figure skater
- 1973 - Juninho, Brazilian football player
- 1974 - Marcus Camby, American basketball player
- 1976 - Teun de Nooijer, Dutch field hockey player
- 1976 - Reese Witherspoon, American actress

Deaths

- 1322 - Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, English politician (b. 1278)
- 1418 - Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian
- 1421 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (killed in battle) (b. 1388)
- 1471 - Pope Paul II (b. 1418)
- 1544 - Johannes Magnus, last Catholic Archbishop of Sweden (b. 1488)
- 1602 - Agostino Carracci, Italian artist (b. 1557)
- 1685 - Emperor Go-Sai of Japan (b. 1638)
- 1687 - Jean Baptiste Lully, Italian-born French composer (b. 1632)
- 1758 - Jonathan Edwards, American minister (b. 1703)
- 1758 - Richard Leveridge, English bass and composer (b. 1670)
- 1772 - John Canton, English physicist (b. 1718)
- 1820 - Stephen Decatur, American naval officer (b. 1779)
- 1832 - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer (b. 1749)
- 1896 - Thomas Hughes, English novelist (b. 1822)
- 1913 - Sung Chiao-jen, Chinese Nationalist (b. 1882)
- 1924 - William Macewen, Scottish surgeon (b. 1848)
- 1945 - John Hessin Clarke, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1857)
- 1951 - Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor (b. 1871)
- 1952 - Uncle Dave Macon, American musician (b. 1870)
- 1958 - Michael Todd, American film producer (b. 1909)
- 1977 - A.K. Gopalan, Indian communist leader (d. 1904)
- 1978 - Karl Wallenda, German acrobat (b. 1905)
- 1981 - James "Jumbo" Elliott, American track coach (b. 1915)
- 1986 - Charles Starrett, American actor
- 1990 - Gerald Bull, Canadian engineer (b. 1928)
- 1994 - Dan Hartman, American musician, songwriter, and record producer (b. 1950)
- 1994 - Walter Lantz, American cartoonist (b. 1899)
- 1999 - David Strickland, American actor (b. 1969)
- 2001 - William Hanna, American animator and studio founder (b. 1910)
- 2003 - Terry Lloyd, English reporter (b. 1952)
- 2004 - Ahmed Yassin, Palestinian co-founder of Hamas
- 2005 - Kenzo Tange, Japanese architect (b. 1913)

Holidays and observances

- The fourth day of Quinquatria in ancient Rome, held in honor of Minerva.
- Easter Sunday - 1818, 2285. In the Gregorian Calendar 22 March is the earliest date on which Easter Sunday can fall (25th April is the latest).
- World Water Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/22 BBC: On This Day] ---- March 21 - March 23 - February 22 - April 22 -- listing of all days ko:3월 22일 ms:22 Mac ja:3月22日 simple:March 22 th:22 มีนาคม

Ewald Cebula

Edward Cebula (also known as Ewald; born March 22 in Świętochłowice, 1917; died February 1 in Chorzów, 2004) was a Polish football player and defender. He played in five matches for the Poland national team as well as one match representing Poland at the Olympic Games. He started in Śląsk Świętochłowice. His career was originally put on hold in 1939 following the outbreak of World War II, before an Olympic showing again in the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics. The best time in his carrier was in Ruch Chorzów where he played from 1948, he won Polish championship as a player in 1951, the playing trainer in 1952, and as a trainer in 1953, he had also managed Ruch for a while during the season 1960 when they won championship. He was one of the small group who has played in national team before and after World War II. He won several more trophies before his retirement from football in 1964, winning a title with Górnik Zabrze the previous year. Following this he joined forces with Feliks Karolak and became one of the top trainers in Poland. Cebula, Ewald Cebula, Ewald Cebula, Ewald

September 20

September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). There are 102 days remaining.

Events

- 451- According to some sources, this was the date of the Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' victory over Attila the Hun.
- 1187 - Saladin begins the Siege of Jerusalem.
- 1377 - Cardinal Robert of Geneva, called by some the Butcher of Cesena, is elected as Avignon Pope Clement VII, beginning the Papal schism.
- 1596 - Diego de Montemayor founded the city of Monterrey in New Spain.
- 1737 - Runner Edward Marshall completes his journey in the Walking Purchase forcing the cession of 1.2 million acres (4,860 km²) of Lenape-Delaware tribal land to the Pennsylvania Colony.
- 1854 - Battle of Alma: British and French troops defeat Russians in the Crimea.
- 1860 - The Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII of the United Kingdom) visits the United States.
- 1863 - American Civil War: The Battle of Chickamauga ends.
- 1870 - Bersaglieri corps enters Rome through Porta Pia and completes the unification of Italy
- 1881 - Chester A. Arthur is inaugurated as the 21st President of the United States.
- 1891 - The first gasoline-powered car debuts in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States.
- 1917 - Paraguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1920 - Foundation of the Spanish Legion
- 1946 - The first Cannes Film Festival is held.
- 1954 - The first program compiled from FORTRAN runs.
- 1954 - New Zealand's Special Committee on Moral Delinquency in Children and Adolescents reports just ten days after concluding hearings.
- 1962 - James Meredith, an African-American, is barred from entering the University of Mississippi.
- 1973 - Billie Jean King beats Bobby Riggs in battle-of-sexes tennis match.
- 1977 - TV character, Fonzie jumps a shark on water skis in an episode of Happy Days.
- 1979 - Lee Iacocca is elected president of the Chrysler Corporation.
- 1979 - A coup d'état in the Central African Empire overthrows Emperor Bokasa I
- 1979 - The Punjab wing of the Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist) formally splits and constitutes a parallel UCCRI(ML).
- 1981 - A coup d'état in the Central African Republic overthrows President David Dacko.
- 1984 - A suicide bomber in a car attacks the U.S. embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, killing twelve people
- 1998 - Baseball: After playing 2,632 consecutive games for the Baltimore Orioles, Cal Ripken, Jr takes a day off.
- 2003 - A referendum is held in Latvia to decide the country's accession to the European Union
- 2003 - 2003 Maldives civil unrest: the death of prisoner Hassan Evan Naseem sparks a day of rioting in Malé.
- 2005 - The Opera Web Browser is rereleased as freeware.
- 2005 - Echo and the Bunnymen release Siberia as their latest Studio Album.

Births

- 1599 - Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German protestant military leader (d. 1623)
- 1778 - Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian naval officer and explorer (d. 1852)
- 1833 - Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1918)
- 1842 - Sir James Dewar, Scottish chemist (d. 1923)
- 1853 - Chulalongkorn, King of Thailand (d. 1910)
- 1861 - Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress (d. 1955)
- 1873 - Sidney Olcott, Canadian film director (d. 1949)
- 1873 - Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian-born race car driver (d. 1944)
- 1878 - Upton Sinclair, American writer and politician (d. 1968)
- 1889 - Charles Reidpath, American athlete (d. 1975)
- 1917 - Red Auerbach, American basketball coach and executive
- 1917 - Fernando Rey, Spanish-born actor (d. 1992)
- 1922 - William Kapell, American pianist (d. 1953)
- 1923 - Geraldine Clinton Little, Irish-born poet (d. 1997)
- 1924 - Gogi Grant, American singer
- 1927 - Johnny Dankworth, English musician and composer
- 1927 - Rachel Roberts, English actress (d. 1980)
- 1928 - Joyce Brothers, American psychologist and advice columnist
- 1929 - Anne Meara, American comic and actress
- 1934 - Sophia Loren, Italian actress
- 1937 - Monica Zetterlund, Swedish actress and singer (d. 2005)
- 1947 - Chuck Panozzo, American musician (Styx)
- 1948 - George R. R. Martin, American writer
- 1951 - Guy Lafleur, Canadian hockey player
- 1956 - Gary Cole, American actor
- 1965 - Robert Rusler, American actor
- 1967 - Kristen Johnston, American actress
- 1968 - Leah Pinsent, Canadian actress
- 1968 - Darrell Russell, American race car driver (d. 2004)
- 1971 - Henrik Larsson, Swedish footballer
- 1975 - Asia Argento, Italian actress
- 1975 - Juan Pablo Montoya, Colombian race car driver
- 1975 - Rikki Lee Travolta, Italian-American actor
- 1976 - Yui Horie, Japanese voice actress and singer
- 1977 - Namie Amuro, Japanese singer
- 1978 - Jason Bay, Canadian Major League Baseball player
- 1978 - Sarit Hadad, Israeli singer
- 1981 - Feliciano López, Spanish tennis player
- 1987 - Quentin Anderson, Musician, producer, actor, public speaker
- 1992 - Avi Lewis, Actor, producer, writer, voice over
- 1940 - Genevieve Grotjan completed the decryption of the Japanese Purple code

Deaths

- 1246 - Mikhail of Chernigov, ruler of Kiev
- 1384 - King Louis I of Naples (b. 1339)
- 1460 - Gilles Binchois, Flemish composer
- 1586 - Chidiock Tichborne, English conspirator and poet (executed) (b. 1558)
- 1590 - Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (b. 1534)
- 1625 - Heinrich Meibom, German historian and critic (b. 1555)
- 1627 - Jan Gruter, Dutch critic (b. 1560)
- 1630 - Claudio Saracini, Italian composer (b. 1586)
- 1639 - Johannes Meursius, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1579)
- 1643 - Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland, English politician and writer
- 1721 - Thomas Doggett, Irish actor
- 1803 - Robert Emmet, Irish patriot (b. 1780)
- 1815 - Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (b. 1725)
- 1852 - Philander Chase, American university founder (b. 1775)
- 1863 - Jacob Grimm, German folklorist (b. 1785)
- 1884 - Leopold Fitzinger, Austrian zoologist (b.[1802]])
- 1898 - Theodor Fontane, German writer (b. 1819)
- 1908 - Pablo de Sarasate, Spanish violinist and composer (b. 1844)
- 1932 - Wovoka, Paiute visionary
- 1947 - Fiorello LaGuardia, Mayor of New York City (b. 1882)
- 1957 - Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer (b. 1865)
- 1971 - Giorgos Seferis, Greek writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)
- 1973 - Jim Croce, American singer and songwriter (b. 1943)
- 1975 - Saint-John Perse, French diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)
- 1979 - Ludvík Svoboda, President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1895)
- 1993 - Erich Hartmann, German pilot (b. 1922)
- 1996 - Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1913)
- 2000 - Gherman Titov, cosmonaut (b. 1935)
- 2003 - Lord Williams of Mostyn, British politician (b. 1941)
- 2003 - Simon Muzenda, Zimbabwe politician (b. 1922)
- 2004 - Brian Clough, English footballer and football manager (b. 1935)
- 2004 - Townsend Hoopes, American politician (b. 1922)
- 2005 - Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Nazi hunter (b. 1908)

Holidays

- In ancient Greece, the seventh day of the Eleusinian Mysteries, when the secret rites in the Telesterion began.
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
- The Korean Martyrs
- Eustace
- Vincent Madelgaire
- Yves Mayeuc
- Francis de Posadas
- Thomas Johnson, John Davy, and companions (martyrs).
- Feast day of the following saint(s) in the Anglican Church:
- John Coleridge Patteson Also see September 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/20 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 19 · September 21 · August 20 · October 20 · more historical anniversaries ko:9월 20일 ms:20 September ja:9月20日 simple:September 20 th:20 กันยายน

1996

1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty.

Events

January

- January 5 - Hamas operative Yahya Ayyash is killed by an Israeli-planted booby-trapped cell phone.
- January 7 - One of the worst blizzards in American history hits eastern states, killing more than 100.
- January 8 - Zairean cargo plane crashes into a crowded market in the center of the capital Kinshasa - 350 dead.
- January 9 - Assassination of Eric Hebborn, art forger, in Rome, Italy.
- January 14 - Jorge Sampaio is elected president of Portugal.
- January 20 - Yasser Arafat is re-elected president of the Palestinian Authority.
- January 22 - Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece resigns due to health problems. New government forms under Costas Simitis.
- January 24 - Polish Premier Jozef Oleksy resigns amid charge he spied for Moscow.
- January 26 - Whitewater scandal: Hillary Rodham Clinton testifies before a grand jury.
- US millionaire John Dupont shoots wrestler David Schultz
- January 27 - Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposes the first democratically elected president of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane, in a military coup.
- January 29
- President Jacques Chirac announces a "definitive end" to French nuclear testing.
- Fire destroys La Fenice, Venice's opera house.
- A Greek flag is hoisted above Kardac Rocks, initiating the Imia-Kardak crisis
- Duke Nukem 3D Shareware released to public
- January 30 - Leader of the Irish National Liberation Army Gino Gallagher is killed, in an internal feud, while in line for his unemployment benefit.
- January 30 - February 5 - Sarah Balabagan caned in the United Arab Emirates
- January 31 - An explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank in Colombo, Sri Lanka killing at least 86 and injuring 1,400.

February

- February - Iraq disarmament crisis: Recently defected Iraqi weapons program leader and son-in-law to Saddam Hussein, Hussein Kamel, returns to Iraq. Within days of his return, he is murdered along with his brother, father, sister and her children. Kamel had forced Iraq to reveal portions of its illegal nuclear and chemical weapons programs.
- February 1 - Communications Decency Act is passed by the U.S. Congress.
- February 4 - Major snowstorm paralyzes Midwestern United States, Milwaukee, Wisconsin ties all-time low temperature at -26°F. (-32°C)
- February 8 - The Telecom Reform Act is signed into law by United States President Bill Clinton.
- February 9 - IRA ceasefire ends with 1 one-ton bomb in London's Canary Wharf District - 2 dead.
- February 10 - Chess computer Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov for the first time.
- February 17 - In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, world chess champion Garry Kasparov beats the "Deep Blue" supercomputer in a chess match.
- February 18 - IRA briefcase bomb in London bus kills the bomber and injures 9 in London West End.
- February 29 - Daniel Green convicted of murder of James R. Jordan, the father of basketball star Michael Jordan.

March

Michael Jordan.]]
- March - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi forces refuse UNSCOM inspection teams access to five sites designated for inspection. The teams enter the sites only after delays of up to 17 hours.
- March 2 - John Howard is elected Prime Minister of Australia in a landslide election victory, over the Labor Party's Paul Keating.
- March 13 - The Dunblane Massacre.
- March 17 - Sri Lanka win the Cricket World Cup by storming to a famous victory against the tournament favourites Australia.
- March 19 - Sarajevo becomes a united city again when Bosnian authorities took control of the last district held by Serbs.
- March 20
- In Los Angeles, California, Lyle and Erik Menendez are found guilty of first-degree murder for the shotgun killing of their parents.
- The British Government announces that Bovine spongiform encephalopathy was likely to have been transmitted to people.
- March 23 - The Republic of China on Taiwan holds its first direct elections for president. Lee Teng-hui is reelected.
- March 25 - An 81-day long standoff between antigovernment Freemen in Jordan, Montana and federal officers begins.
- March 26 - The International Monetary Fund approves a $10.2 billion loan to Russia for 'economic reform'.
- March 28 - Fire breaks out at the Pasar Anyar shopping centre in Bogor, West Java. First estimated death toll is 78 until rescuers notice that 68 of them are mannequins
- March 30 - The Kennett government is re-elected in Victoria with a 30 seat majority.

April

- April 2 - US Mafioso John Gotti is found guilty of murder of Paul Castellano
- April 3 - Plane carrying US commerce secretary Ron Brown crashes near Dubrovnik, Croatia
- April 3
- Suspected "Unabomber" Theodore Kaczynski is arrested at his Montana cabin.
- The first EuroHowl is held in Aberystwyth, Wales.
- A Lunar eclipse occurred.
- April 10 - United States President Bill Clinton vetos a bill that would have banned partial-birth abortion.
- April 18 - Over 100 Lebanese civilians were killed after Israel shelled the UN compound in Qana. See Qana Massacre.
- April 28 - Martin Bryant kills 35 people as part of the Port Arthur Massacre, at the Port Arthur tourist site, Tasmania, Australia.
- April 29 - Official opening of Rent (musical) on Broadway.

May

- May 10 - A sudden storm engulfs Mount Everest with several climbing teams high on the mountain, leaving 8 dead. By the end of the month, at least four other climbers die in the worst season of fatalities on the mountain to date.
- May 11 - After taking-off from Miami, a fire started by improperly-handled oxygen canisters in the cargo hold of Atlanta-bound ValuJet Flight 592 causes the Douglas DC-9 to crash in the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 on board.
- May 13 - Severe thunderstorms and a tornado in Bangladesh kills 600.
- May 20 - Gay rights: The Supreme Court of the United States rules in Romer v. Evans against a law that would have prevented any city, town or county in the state of Colorado from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to protect the rights of homosexuals.
- May 23 - Swede Göran Kropp reaches Mount Everest summit alone without oxygen after having bicycled there from Sweden.
- May 27 - First Chechnya War: Russian President Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechnyan rebels for the first time and negotiates a cease-fire in the war.
- May 27 - Doctor Who makes its return to British television for the first time since 1989. Paul McGann starred in the US made movie which pitted the Doctor against Eric Roberts' Master.
- May 31 - id Software releases the first person shooter computer game Quake.
- May-June - Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM supervises the destruction of Al-Hakam, Iraq's main production facility of biological warfare agents.
- May - The Onion launches its satirical news publication on the Internet.

June

- June - Iraq disarmament crisis: As Iraq continues to refuse inspectors access to a number of sites, the U.S. fails in its attempt to build support for military action against Iraq in the UN Security Council.
- June 1 - Tennessee celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- June 10 - Peace talks begin in Northern Ireland without Sinn Féin
- June 12 - In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocks a law against indecency on the internet. The panel says that the 1996 Communications Decency Act would infringe upon the free speech rights of adults.
- June 13 - An 81-day standoff between the Freemen and FBI agents ends with their surrender in Montana.
- June 15- A large bomb explosion devastates Manchester City Centre in England.
- June 25 - 19 U.S. servicemen are killed at Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia.
- June 30 - Costas Simitis is elected President of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement of Greece.
- June 30 - Germany beat the Czech Republic 2-1 with a Golden goal to win Euro 96.

July

Euro 96
- July - Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. Inspector Ritter attempts to conduct surprise inspections on the Republican Guard facility at the airport, but is blocked by Iraqi officials.
- July 1 - The Northern Territory in Australia legalises voluntary euthanasia.
- July 5 - Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell, is born. It will prematurely die in February 2003.
- July 8 - Martina Hingis youngest person in history (age 15 years and 282 days) to win at Wimbledon (Ladies Doubles event).
- July 8 - Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu purportedly receives a hand-delivered document, "A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Security the Realm," spelling out how Israel could abrogate the Oslo Accords, and pursue a permanent annexation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, among other policies. The paper had been prepared for him by Richard Perle, Donald Rumsfeld, Doug Feith, David Wurmser and John R. Bolton.
- July 17 - Off the coast of Long Island, New York, a Paris-bound Boeing 747 carrying TWA flight 800 explodes killing all 230 on board.
- July 18 - 21 - Storms provoke severe flooding on the Saguenay River in Quebec, in one of Canada's most costly natural disasters.
- July 19 - The 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, is opened by US president Bill Clinton.
- July 27 - The Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Summer Olympics kills one and injures 111.
- July 29 - The child protection portion of the Communications Decency Act (1996) is struck down as too broad by a US federal court.
- July 31 - MIL-STD-1750A was declared inactive for use in new designs.

August

The Detroit of India and port city Madras is renamed Chennai.
- August 1 - Sarah Balabagan returns to the Philippines
- August 4 - The closing ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics takes place.
- August 6 - NASA announces that the ALH 84001 meteorite thought to originate from Mars, contains evidence of primitive life-forms
- August 6 - Australian census
- August 6 - The Ramones play their last show ever at Lollapalooza.
- August 13 - Data sent back by the Galileo space probe indicated there may be water on one of Jupiter's moons
- August 28 - Their Royal Highnesses, the Prince and Princess of Wales, are formally divorced at the High Court in London. Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales is restyled, Diana, Princess of Wales.
- August 31 - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi forces launch an offensive into the northern No-Fly Zone and capture Arbil.

September

- September 4 - War on Drugs: Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC) attack a military base in Guaviare, Colombia starting three weeks of guerrilla warfare that will claim the lives of at least 130 Colombians.
- September 7 - Rapper Tupac Shakur shot in Las Vegas, Nevada following Mike Tyson bout. He would succumb 6 nights later on September 13.
- September 11 - Aubrey Berryhill and Ashton Cayado won the Nobel prize.
- September 22 - The Panhellenic Socialist Movement under the leadership of Costas Simitis succeeds in the Greek legislative election, 1996.
- September 25 - The last of the Magdalen Asylums was closed in Ireland.
- September 25 - Nicu Ceauşescu dies from cirrhosis of the liver in a Viennese hospital. He was the younger son of Nicolae Ceauşescu.
- September 27 - In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture capital city Kabul after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah.

October

- October 2 - The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
- October 2 - Assassination of the former prime minister of Bulgaria, Andrei Lukanov
- October 14 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 40.62 to close at 6,010.00 -- The Dow's first close above 6,000.
- October 23 - Opening statements in the O.J. Simpson civil trial begin.
- October 30 - Fighting erupts when Banyamulenga Tutsis of Laurent Kabila in Zaire seize Uvira and proceed to kill Hutu refugees

November

- November - Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM inspectors uncover buried prohibited missile parts. Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM teams to remove remnants of missile engines for analysis outside of the country
- November 5 - U.S. presidential election, 1996: Democrat incumbent Bill Clinton defeats Republican challenger Bob Dole to win his second term.
- November 7 - NASA launches the Mars Global Surveyor.
- November 15 - Alger Hiss, former U.S. State Department official
- November 16 - Mother Teresa receives honorary US citizenship.
- November 18 - World-renowned bird expert Tony Silva is sentenced to seven years in prison without parole for leading an illegal parrot smuggling ring.
- November 19 - U.S President Bill Clinton makes a visit to Australia in which he addresses both Houses of Parliament
- November 23 - The Republic of Angola officially joins the World Trade Organization, as Angola.
- November 25 - The U.S. stock markets, especially the Dow Jones Industrial Average, gains at an incredibly fast pace following the 1996 Presidential elections. It gains 10 days in a row during the month (a feat that hasn't been touched as of June 2005), and burned through five century marks:
- 6,100 on November 6
- 6,200 the next day
- 6,300 on November 14
- 6,400 on November 20
- 6,500 today

December

- December 2 - US President Bill Clinton signs Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments.
- December 5 - Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan gives a speech in which he suggests that "irrational exuberance" may have "unduly escalated asset values".
- December 12 - Uday Hussein is seriously injured in an assassination attempt.
- December 17 - Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement takes 72 hostages in Japanese Embassy in Lima, Peru
- December 26 - JonBenét Ramsey, a six-year-old beauty queen, was found murdered in her family's basement in Boulder, Colorado.
- December 27 - Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram air base which solidifies their buffer zone around Kabul.
- December 29 - Guatemala and leaders of Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union sign a peace accord that ends a 36 year a civil war
- December 30 - In the Indian state of Assam, a passenger train is bombed by Bodo separatists killing 26.
- December 30 - Proposed budget cuts by Benjamin Netanyahu spark protests from 250,000 workers who shut down services across Israel.

Environmental change

- The invasive species Asian long-horned beetle is found in New York

Unknown date

- Ask Jeeves formed.
- General Motors EV1 launched. The EV1 is the first electric car to go into mass production.

Births

- February 9 - Jimmy Bennett, American actor
- July 5 - Dolly the sheep, first cloned mammal (d. 2003)
- November 3 - Aria Wallace, American actor

Deaths

January-February

- January 2 - Karl Targownik, Hungarian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor (b. 1915)
- January 5 - Yahya Ayyash, Palestinian terrorist (b. 1966)
- January 8 - François Mitterrand, President of France (b. 1916)
- January 17 - Barbara Jordan, American politician (b. 1936)
- January 18 - Leonor Fini, Argentine artist (b. 1908)
- January 20 - Gerry Mulligan, American musician (b. 1927)
- January 28 - Joseph Brodsky, Russian-born poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1940)
- January 28 - Jerry Siegel, American cartoonist (b. 1914)
- February 2 - Gene Kelly, American actor (b. 1912)
- February 3 - Audrey Meadows, American actress (b. 1926)
- February 6 - Guy Madison, American actor (b. 1922)
- February 7 - Boris Alexandrovich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (b. 1925)
- February 11 - Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister of Zambia (b. 1946)
- February 11 - Cyril Poole, English cricketer (b. 1921)
- February 11 - Phil Regan, American actor (b. 1906)
- February 11 - Amelia Rosselli, Italian poet (b. 1930)
- February 11 - Bob Shaw, British writer (b. 1931)
- February 16 - Edmund G. Brown, Governor of California (b. 1905)
- February 16 - Brownie McGhee, American musician (b. 1915)
- February 20 - Tōru Takemitsu, Japanese composer (b. 1930)
- February 21 - Morton Gould, American musician and composer (b. 1913)
- February 25 - Haing S. Ngor, Cambodian actor (murdered) (b. 1940)
- February 26 - Moisei Vainberg, Polish composer (b. 1919)

March-June

- March 3 - Marguerite Duras, French author and director (b. 1914)
- March 4 - Minnie Pearl, American comedienne (b. 1912)
- March 9 - George Burns, American actor and singer (b. 1896)
- March 13 - Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish film director (b. 1941)
- March 16 - Charlie Barnett, American actors (b. 1954)
- March 17 - René Clément, French film director (b. 1913)
- March 18 - Odysseas Elytis, Greek writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- March 26 - David Packard, American engineer (b. 1912)
- April 3 - Carl Stokes, American politician (b. 1927)
- April 4 - Barney Ewell, American athlete (b. 1918)
- April 4 - Larry LaPrise, American songwriter (b. 1912)
- April 6 - Greer Garson, English actress (b. 1904)
- April 20 - Christopher Robin Milne, English author and bookseller (b. 1920)
- April 22 - Erma Bombeck, American humorist and writer (b. 1927)
- April 26 - Stirling Silliphant, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1918)
- May 5 - Salli Terri, Canadian mezzo-soprano (b. 1922)
- May 15 - Charles B. Fulton, American judge (b. 1910)
- May 17 - Kevin Gilbert, American musician, composer, and record producer (b. 1966)
- May 20 - Jon Pertwee, British actor (b. 1919)
- May 24 - Jacob Druckman, American composer (b. 1928)
- May 24 - Joseph Mitchell, American writer (b. 1908)
- May 25 - Brad Nowell, American musician (b. 1968)
- May 31 - Paul Peter Piech, American artist (b. 1920)
- June 2 - Ray Combs, American game show host and comedian (suicide) (b. 1956)
- June 2 - Leon Garfield, English children's author (b. 1921)
- June 6 - George Davis Snell, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1903)
- June 15 - Ella Fitzgerald, American singer (b. 1917)
- June 17 - Thomas Kuhn, American philosopher of science (b. 1922)
- June 19 - G. David Schine, American investigator and businessman (b. 1927)
- June 23 - Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1919)

July-December

- July 1 - William T. Cahill, America politician (b. 1912)
- July 10 - Alan Blakley, British musician (Tremeloes) (b. 1942)
- July 15- Dana Hill, American actress (b. 1964)
- July 20 - Frantisek Planicka, Czech footballer (b. 1904)
- July 28 - Roger Tory Peterson, American naturalist and artist (b. 1908)
- July 30 - Claudette Colbert, French actress (b. 1903)
- August 1 - Tadeus Reichstein, Polish-born chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1897)
- August 8 - Nevill Francis Mott, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- August 11 - Rafael Kubelik, Czech-born conductor (b. 1914)
- August 13 - David Tudor, American pianist and composer (b. 1926)
- September 1 - Vagn Holmboe, Danish composer (b. 1909)
- September 13 - Tupac Shakur, American rapper, poet, and actor (b. 1971)
- October 4 - Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (b. 1913)
- October 16 - Eric Malpass, English novelist (b. 1910)
- October 16 - Jason Bernard, American actor (b. 1938)
- November 21 - Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1926)
- November 26 - Mark Lenard, American actor (b. 1924)
- November 26 - Paul Rand, American graphic designer (b. 1914)
- November 30 - Tiny Tim, American musician (b. 1932)
- December 6 - Pete Rozelle, American commissioner of the National Football League (b. 1926)
- December 11 - Willie Rushton, English comedian, satirist, actor, and cartoonist (b, 1937)
- December 16 - Quentin Bell, English biographer and art historian (b. 1910)
- December 20 - Carl Sagan, American astronomer (b. 1934)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson
- Chemistry - Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley
- Medicine - Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
- Literature - Wislawa Szymborska
- Peace - Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos Horta

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

- James Mirrlees, William Vickrey

Templeton Prize

- William R. "Bill" Bright

Right Livelihood Award

- Herman Daly, The Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia, Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishat and George Vithoulkas als:1996 ko:1996년 ms:1996 ja:1996年 simple:1996 th:พ.ศ. 2539

Category:1917 in sports

Darkly Dawns the Duck

Darkly Dawns the Duck is an animated Disney television special that aired in two parts in 1991, and was the pilot film for the television series Darkwing Duck. After the success of the pilot and the launching of the series, the two parts of the special were edited for time and aired as regular episodes during reruns. It was also released in its uncut form on home video, combining the two parts of the special into a 48-minute movie. The plot converns Darkwing Duck, an up-and-coming superhero who wants to be famous but is stuck busting regular criminals in the bustling metropolis of St. Canard. Annoyed that he isn't getting enough attention from the press, Darkwing longs to fight a super-villain. He gets more than he bargained for however when he stumbles onto a fiendish plot by criminal mastermind Taurus Bulba to steal a top-secret weapon from the military: an anti-gravity beam cannon called the Ramrod. Darkwing fails to stop Taurus Bulba's three henchmen, the hard-headed Hammerhead Hannigan and the clumsy Hoof and Mouth, from stealing the Ramrod, despite "help" from his biggest (and only) fan, accident-prone pilot Launchpad McQuack. Furious at having lost Bulba's henchmen, Darkwing turns down the hopeful Launchpad's request to be the hero's sidekick. Meanwhile, Bulba discovers that although he has the Ramrod, he lacks the arming code. An earlier botched attempt to steal the weapon resulted in the accidental death of its inventor, Professor Waddlemeyer, before Bulba could learn the code. He sends Hammerhead, Hoof, and Mouth to kidnap the Professor's granddaughter, Gosalyn, from the St. Canard Orphanage, on the gamble that she knows the arming code. Darkwing, having discovered what Bulba's henchmen stole, races to the rescue and snatches Gosalyn out of the henchmen's grasp. After a car chase, Darkwing returns to the safety of his hideout with Gosalyn, promising to protect her until Taurus Bulba is brought to justice. As he and the child bond, he discovers, inadvertently, that the arming code for the Ramrod is hidden in the lyrics of a lullaby taught to Gosalyn by her grandfather. But can he keep her safe from Bulba, who even now is hatching a plot to capture them both by exploiting Darkwing's desire to be a famous crimefighter?

Cast

The Uncut Version

A number of scenes were cut from the pilot film when it was edited to become two regular episodes of the TV series. These scenes were subsequently restoried when it was released uncut on video. These scenes include:
- An opening chase sequence showing Darkwing capturing a gang of fleeing criminals. The scene of Darkwing ramping his motorcycle sidecar, the Ratcatcher, up and into the bed of a pickup truck, catapulting the criminals inside into some trashcans, is featured prominently in the show's opening sequence despite being absent from the current televised versions.
- While following Taurus Bulba's pet condor Tantalus on the Ratcatcher, Darkwing almost has a head-on collision with a large truck and is yelled at by the driver.
- A longer version of the scene where Hoof and Mouth are twirling their rifles around before Darkwing jumps them.
- A scene showing Taurus Bulba wheeling a cart of dirty clothes to the prison laundromat, establishing that Hammerhead, Hoof, and Mouth are hiding inside it.
- Following the car chase, Mouth has a panic attack and begins screaming, "We're all gonna die! We're all gonna die!" until Hammerhead hits him.
- A longer scene of Taurus Bulba ranting about Darkwing's ego, with him imitating Darkwing's mannerisms and poses: "His posing, his flamboyance, the mask and cape! Ha, ha! That hat! It all indicates an ego the size of a small planet!"
- While in his jail cell, the scene where Darkwing tries to get the biker pig to punch him is much longer.
- A brief scene where Taurus Bulba comments that the design of the Thunderquack, Launchpad's fan-made jet, is ugly. Darkly Dawns the Duck Darkly Dawns the Duck Darkly Dawns the Duck

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Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm Gesenius
Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm Gesenius (February 3, 1786 - October 23, 1842), was a German orientalist and Biblical critic. He was born at Nordhausen, Thuringia. In